Lecture 4 (The Endocrine System)

Question 1

Endocrine Galnds

Answer 1

Ductless, hormone secretions go into the bloodstream -> target organs

Question 2

9 locations of endocrine glands

Answer 2

Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries 
Testes

Question 3

Pituitary Gland

Answer 3

Located in Sella Turcica of Sphenoid bone

Releases hormones that go to other glands

Question 4

Embryonic Devo

Answer 4

Brain -> posterior lobe

Rathke’s pouch (Off the mouth) -> Anterior Lobe

Question 5

Pituitary gland tumor

Answer 5

To remove: Go through the roof of the mouth or the nasal cavity and follow the path of rathke’s pouch
Press on the optic nerve causes problems of vision

Question 6

Pituitary hormones (Posterior lobe)

Answer 6

Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone

Question 7

Pituitary Hormones (Anterior Lobe)

Answer 7

Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrohpic hormone, female follicle stimulating hormone, letuinizing hormone, prolactin (milk production)

Question 8

Gigantism

Answer 8

Too much growth hormone before adult age

Question 9

Acromegaly

Answer 9

Too much growth hormone as an adult,

Bones become thicker not longer

Question 10

Thyroid

Answer 10

Location: the neck
Only gland that stores hormones
Cold zone -> area of the thyrpod that isnt making the hormone shown on a thyroid scan

Question 11

Goiter

Answer 11

Enlargement of thyroid
Dont know if it is either overactive or underactive
Happens when there is not enough iodine
Iodized salt introudced by american govt to deal with not enough seafood in the diet
Can be environmentally induced goiter
FIX: increase iodine

Question 12

Excessive thyroid

Answer 12

Incr in metabolism
Fluid filled in eyes, psuh back the eyelids, startled look
Hyperactive, cant sleep

Question 13

Thyroidectomy

Answer 13

Removing part of the gland

Question 14

Thyroid cancer

Answer 14

Rare, dectected early, you can feel the tumor

Question 15

Para

Answer 15

Beside/ next to

Parafollicular cells of the thryroid -> calcitonin

Question 16

Parathryoid Glands

Answer 16

Usually 4, small, Back of the thyroid
Too much of the hormone, calcium is pulled out of the bones = osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (kids)
Overactive can create kidney stones

Question 17

Adrenal glands

Answer 17

Medulla -> epinephrine and norpinephrine
Cortex -> 30+ cells, 3 layers of cells, must have this to survive
Hormones control fluid balance, food metabolism, stress respone

Question 18

Pancrease

Answer 18

Filled with rough ER
Insulin produced by the islets of langerhans
Insulin drives sugars into tissues

Question 19

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 19

Insufficent insulin -> sugar diabetes

Sugar blood lvl extremely high

Question 20

Type I

Answer 20

Children and adols Juvenile onset

Question 21

Type II

Answer 21

In older adults

Question 22

Type I problems

Answer 22

Damage to arteies = incr in stroke, kidney disease, poor circulation, foot sores, bleed into the eyes

Question 23

Type II causes/ problems

Answer 23

Caused by weight
less severe
Get to proper body weight it goes away

Question 24

Thymus

Answer 24

Changes what the lymphocytes do for the rest of the individuals life 
thymatic lymphocytes (T-cells)
HIV acts on T- Cells = do not function

Question 25

Hassal's Bodies

Answer 25

Scar left over of the thymus after puberty

Question 26

Pineal

Answer 26

``` Pine cone shaped collects calcium as you get older (40+) Deposits crystals On midline of the brain Bright white spot in middle in xrays Out of place = brain tumor, trauma ```

Question 27

Melatonin

Answer 27

From the pineal gland | Part of sleep cycles along with serotoin