Lecture 43/44: Avian comparative anatomy (part 1) Flashcards
list some birds in the Order: Galliformes
chickens, pheasants, & turkeys
list some birds in the Order: Anseriformes
Ducks, geese, & swans (waterfowl)
list some birds in the Order: Psittiformes
Cockatoo, conure, macaw, & parrots
list some birds in the Orders: Falconiformes
Eagle, falcon, hawk
list some birds in the Order: Passeriformes
Songbirds; canary, finch, crow, raven, warblers
what animal is in the Cathartiformes order
vultures, condors
what is Bird Flock Medicine
taking care of poultry mass production farms
e.g. chickens, ducks, turkeys
what is involved in Individual Bird Medicine
pet birds, zoological collections, psittacines,
passerines, falconry
list the feather types
Flight
thermoregulation
protection
sexually dimorphic
symmetrical vs. asymetrical vane
identify the types of feathers
Purpose of contour feathers
main feathers that cover the body
what feathers are under the contour feathers that help with thermoregulation
Downy feathers
List the microanatomy of a feather
*barb
*barbules
*hooklets
what is preening
grooming or combing the feather components
realigning barbs/barbules to hook in place
what is the arrow pointing to
hooklet
Primary feather is attached to _____
the manus
Secondary featherrs are attached to the _______
antebrachium & brachium
what is the Alula
“thumb”; prevents stalling in flight and allows them to have lift
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion:
skull has how many fused sites?
multiple fused sites
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion:
notarium
fused thoracic vertebrae
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: synsacrum
fused os coxae & sacral vertebrae
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: manus
Reduced ## of digits & fused bony components
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: carpometacarpus
fused carpal bones & metacarpal bones
metacarpals 2,3,4 are fused, 1= alula
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: tarsometatarsus
fused tarsal bones & metatarsal bones
Multiple sites of bony reduction &
fusion: Pygostyle
fused caudal vertebrae
how many occipital condyles so birds/reptiles have? why is this important?
single occipital condyle, allows for more movement of head (~270 degrees)
list the bones that make up the beak
*dorsal beak – rhinotheca
*ventral beak – gnathotheca
*quadrate bone
*palatine bone
what does “kinetic beak” mean
dorsal & ventral aspects of beak both move
quadrate bone
do modern birds have teeth
no, purpose of their beak
explain what the rhinotheca vs. gnathotheca is
dorsal beak – rhinotheca
ventral beak – gnathotheca
what boney prominence is the arrow pointing to that allows the owl to turn its head about 270 degrees
single occipital condyle
how many ear bones does a bird have
exam
Single middle ear ossicle = stapes
Thoracic limb adaptations: manus
reduced # of digits, fusion of digital bones
digits 2 and 3 are combined
what 3 bones are involved triosseal canal
coracoid, furcula, & scapula
what does furcula mean
Fused clavicles in avian species
(wishbone, but dont put wishbone on the exam)
Tendon of _____________ muscle passes through this triosseal cana
supracoracoideus
Tendon of supracoracoideus muscle passes through this triosseal canal function:
“upstroke muscle” of wing
action of the Pectoralis muscle
ON EXAM
Contraction of muscle results in “downstroke” of wing
what are the attachments of the Pectoralis muscle
proximal humerus to lateral perimeter of keel of sternum
Supracoracoideus muscle function
ON EXAM
contraction of muscle results in “upstroke” of wing
what are the attachments of the Supracoracoideus muscle
Attachments: proximal humerus to lateral & central region of keel of sternum
*proximal tendon passes through the triosseal cana
- breast meat (flight muscle)
- abdominal muscle
Multiple species of birds possess claws on the carpal region of their wings, including
hoatzin & chickens
Young chicken w/ claw adaptation associated w/ alulu
In Avian species, aortic arch becomes neonatal aorta, which arches towards which side of the body
the right side of the body!!!
which one is the bird?mammal?
T/F birds have 4 chambers, similar blood flow pattern to mammals
true
aortic arch passes to the (right or left) side in a bird
RIGHT
what is the HR of a bird
*high heart rates: 300 to 600 bpm, in passerine species
*higher heart rates: > = 800 bpm, in hummingbirds
