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CVM: 720 Anatomy II > Lecture 4: Pelvic limb 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Pelvic limb 2 Flashcards

1
Q

identify the 5 muscles in order from top arrow to the bottom

A
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2
Q

Rounded rump in horse consists of what 2 large groups of muscles

A

Large gluteal muscles
Caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles

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3
Q

what is the main action of large gluteal muscles

A

Collectively act to extend,
abduct, and medially rotate the
limb at the coxal joint

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4
Q

Caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles have __________ heads

A

vertebral

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5
Q

what is the main function of the caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles

A

Collectively act in extension of coxal joint and flexion of stifle when non-weight bearing.

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6
Q

origin of Superficial gluteal m.

A

Origin: Tuber coxae and gluteal fascia

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7
Q

insertion of Superficial gluteal m.

A

Insertion: Third trochanter

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8
Q

Origin of Middle gluteal m.

A

Gluteal surface of ilium, tuber
coxae, sacrosciatic ligament

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9
Q

insertion of Middle gluteal m.

A

Greater trochanter (caudal part); proximal femur between greater
and third trochanters

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

how many parts does the middle gluteal muscle have

A

Has 2 parts (do not need to be distinguished)

Deeper part is often considered a separate muscle, the accessory gluteal m

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12
Q

where tendon of insertion passes over cranial part of greater trochanter

A

Trochanteric bursa

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13
Q

Deep gluteal m. origin

A

Origin: Body of ilium, ischiatic spine

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14
Q

Deep gluteal m. insertion

A

Insertion: Greater trochanter (cranial
part)

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

caudal thigh muscle is commonly called the ____ muscle

A

hamstring

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17
Q

All caudal thigh muscles (hamstring) take partial origin from______________, but have additional________________ origin

A

tuber ischii (pelvic origin)
(more proximal) vertebral

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18
Q

All caudal thigh muscles take partial origin from tuber ischii (pelvic origin), but have additional (more proximal) vertebral origins:

what are the 3 vertebral origins

A

▪ Biceps femoris (1): sacrum and
sacrosciatic ligament

▪ Semitendinosus (2): sacrosciatic
ligament and caudal vertebrae

▪ Semimembranosus (3): caudal-most
edge of sacrosciatic ligament

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19
Q

identify 1-3

A

▪ Biceps femoris (1)
▪ Semitendinosus (2)
▪ Semimembranosus (3)

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20
Q

Biceps femoris has 3 parts with insertions on
the..

A

▪ Patella and lateral patellar ligament (1)
▪ Cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect) (2)
▪ Crural fascia and tuber calcanei via common
calcanean tendon (3)

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21
Q

Semitendinosus inserts on cranial border of __________ and tuber calcanei via ______________

A

tibia (medial aspect)
common calcanean tendon

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22
Q

Semimembranosus inserts on____________of femur and____________of stifle

A

medial epicondyle
medial collateral ligament

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23
Q

Identify the 3 parts of Bicep femoris insertions

A

▪ Patella and lateral patellar ligament (1)
▪ Cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect) (2)
▪ Crural fascia and tuber calcanei via common
calcanean tendon (3)

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24
Q

identify A, B,C

A
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25
Q

identify the bone landmarks

A
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26
Q

Biceps femoris and Semitendinosus muscle are innervated by what nerve

A

Caudal gluteal n.

(the vertebral heads)

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27
Q

Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle

what nerve innervates all 3 of these muscles

A

sciatic muscle

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28
Q

__________ of biceps femoris and semitendinosus mm. are supplied by caudal gluteal n.,____________ are supplied by sciatic n.

A

Vertebral heads. pelvic heads (all)

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29
Q

Tensor faciae latae muscle
deep gluteal muscle
Middle gluteal muscle
superficial gluteal muscle

are innervated by what nerve

A

cranial gluteal nerve

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30
Q

Middle gluteal muscle
superficial gluteal muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinosus muscle

what nerve innervates these muscles

A

caudal gluteal nerve

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31
Q

identify the muscles highlighted

A
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32
Q

what 4 muscles make up the adductors of the limb (medial thigh muscles)

A

Sartorius
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus

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33
Q

Origin and insertion of Sartorius

A

▪ O: Psoas fascia and tendon
▪ I: Medial aspect of stifle

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34
Q

origin and insertion of Gracilis

A

▪ O: Pelvic symphysis via symphyseal tendon

▪ I: Medial aspect of stifle, cranial border of the tibia

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35
Q

origin and insertion of Adductor

A

▪ O: Ventral surface of pubis & ischium, symphyseal tendon

▪ I: Caudal aspect of and medial epicondyle of femur

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36
Q

origin and insertion of Pectineus

A

▪ O: Margin of pubis (pecten)
▪ I: Medial surface of femur

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37
Q

what nerve innervates the adductor muscles

A

All are provided motor innervation by the obturator nerve EXCEPT the sartorius
m., which is innervated by the saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)

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38
Q

identify the muscles based on color

A
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39
Q

identify the 2 muscles in green

A
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40
Q
A
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41
Q

what muscles makes the cranial and caudal border of the femoral triangle

A

The pectineus m. forms the caudal border of the femoral triangle and the sartorius m. (removed) forms the cranial border.

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42
Q

what nerve emerges from the iliopsoas m

A

The femoral nerve emerges from the iliopsoas m.

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43
Q

what nerve passes through the obturator
foramen

A

obturator n.

main nerve to medial thigh muscles

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44
Q

The sartorius m. is innervated by the saphenous n. which is branch of what nerve

A

femoral nerve

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45
Q
A
  1. femoral nerve
  2. obturator nerve
    3.Sartorius m.
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46
Q

what muscles make up the lateral rotators of the hip

(hint 4)

A

Same as in dog: external obturator,
internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus
femoris

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47
Q

where do the lateral rotator muscles of the hip insert at

A

Insert in:

trochanteric fossa (external obturator,internal obturator, gemelli)

trochanteric crest of femur (quadratus
femoris)

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48
Q
A
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49
Q

what muscle is this:

Pelvic floor muscle, dorsal to obturator
foramen

A

Internal obturator (cranial thigh muscle)

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50
Q

Tendon of insertion of the internal obturator muscle passes over __________

A

lesser ischiatic notch

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51
Q

where does the Gemelli (cranial and caudal) originate

A

Originates from ischium, ventral to
lesser ischiatic notch

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52
Q

what muscle is this:

Appears to be two identical mm. on
either side of internal obturator
tendon

A

Gemelli (cranial and caudal)

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53
Q

origin of the Quadratus femoris

A

Originates from ventral aspect of
ilium, inserts on trochanteric crest of
femur

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54
Q

what 2 things are being pointed to in this picture

A
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55
Q
A
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56
Q

what muscles are indicated here

A
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57
Q

Quadriceps femoris muscle group is comprised of

A

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

58
Q
A
58
Q

Quadriceps femoris muscle group all insert at

A

All insert on the patella (A) and tibial
tuberosity (B) via the patellar ligaments
(1, 2, 3)

59
Q

Rectus femoris* originates from body
of ilium (rectus femoris area), craniodorsal to

A

acetabulum

60
Q

Only muscle of the group that crosses the
hip joint

A

Rectus femoris

61
Q

action of rectus femoris m.

A

▪ Flexes the hip joint

62
Q

Vastus muscles originate from proximal
aspect of what bone

A

femur

63
Q

what muscle is here

A

rectus femoris area

64
Q
A

Rectus femoris*

65
Q

what are the muscles of the crus

A
  1. Cranial tibial m. is
  2. Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m
  3. Fibularis (peroneus) longus m
  4. Soleus m. (very small)
  5. Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.
  6. Digital flexor (SDF, DDF) mm
  7. Gastrocnemius
66
Q

what muscle is this?

is NOT the most superficial
muscle of the crus in the large animal
▪ Located deep to other craniolateral mm.
▪ Sits right against the tibia

A

Cranial tibial m.

67
Q

This is a muscle of the crus (not in dog)
▪ Fibrous band in horse

A

Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m.

68
Q

Fibularis (peroneus) longus m is or IS NOT present in a horse

A

NOT PRESENT

69
Q

what muscle is this

very small; present in large animals
(and the cat), not present in the dog;
contributes to common calcanean tendon

A

Soleus m.

70
Q
A
  1. Cranial tibial m. is
  2. Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m
  3. Fibularis (peroneus) longus m
  4. Soleus m. (very small
71
Q
A
  1. Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.
  2. Digital flexor (SDF, DDF) mm
  3. Gastrocnemius
72
Q

what muscle of the horse are equivalent to common and lateral digital extensor mm. of thoracic limb

A

Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.

73
Q

Equine lateral digital extensor tendon joins
the tendon of the _______

A

long digital extensor

74
Q

DDF of a horse has how many heads

A

DDF has medial and lateral heads; a.k.a.,
medial digital flexor and lateral digital flexor
mm

75
Q

T/F Gastrocnemius and popliteus mm. similar in all species

A

true

76
Q

Lateral digital flexor passes across what structure

A

sustentaculum tali

77
Q

Cranial Muscles of the Crus:
Collective action and innervation

A

Collective action: Flexion of hock
Innervation: Common fibular n.

78
Q
A

Peroneus tertius is a fibrous band; really hidden!

79
Q

origin of cranial tibial muscle

A

▪ Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia

80
Q

insertion of cranial tibial muscle (2)

A

▪ Dorsal tendon: Metatarsal tuberosity (X)
▪ Medial tendon (a.k.a., cunean tendon):
fused tarsal bones I & II (X

81
Q
A
82
Q

what is affiliated with the medial tendon of the cranial tibial m

A

cunean bursa

83
Q

Located between the cunean tendon and the
underlying medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joints

A

cunean bursa

84
Q
A
85
Q

Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius origin and what it will then pass through

A

Origin: Extensor fossa of femur, in common with long digital extensor m.

▪ Passes through extensor groove of tibia

86
Q

Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius insertion

A

Insertion (via two tendons):
▪ Dorsal tendon: Tarsal bone III, Metatarsal bone III (X)
▪ Lateral tendon: Calcaneus, Tarsal bone IV (X)

87
Q

Forms a “tunnel” through which the tendon
of the cranial tibial m. passes

A

Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius

88
Q

identify what inserts here

A

▪ Dorsal tendon: Tarsal bone III, Metatarsal bone III (X black )

▪ Lateral tendon: Calcaneus, Tarsal bone IV (X blue)

89
Q

Origin: Long digital extensor:

A

Extensor fossa of femur, in common with long peroneus tertius m.; passes through
extensor groove of tibia

90
Q

Lateral digital extensor origin

A

Lateral collateral ligament of
stifle

91
Q

Long and Lateral digital extensor tendons unite where

A

at the level of the metatarsus, distal
to the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

92
Q

Long and Lateral digital extensor insertion

A

▪ Insertion: Extensor process of distal phalanx III

93
Q

Long and Lateral digital extensor Action and innervation

A

Action: Flexes hock and extends digit
▪ Both are innervated by common fibular n.

94
Q
A
94
Q

what makes up the Extensor Retinacula (A, B, C)

A

A. Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
B. Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
C. Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

95
Q

Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum is made of

A

▪ Long digital extensor, peroneus tertius,
cranial tibial tendons

96
Q

Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum is made of

A

Long digital extensor tendon

97
Q

Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum is made of

A

Long digital extensor and lateral digital
extensor tendons

98
Q
A
99
Q

identify A-C AND 1,2

A

A. Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
B. Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
C. Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum

100
Q
A
101
Q
A
102
Q

Gastrocnemius m.+ Soleus m.=

A

Tricep surae m.

103
Q

Caudal Muscles of the Crus

collective action and innvervation

A

Collective action: Extension of hock
Innervation: Tibial n.

104
Q
A
105
Q

Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles (TRICEP SURAE) origin

A

Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur (lateral head of gastrocnemius, soleus) and medial supracondylar tuberosity of femur

106
Q

Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles (TRICEP SURAE) insertion

A

▪ Insertion: Calcaneal tuber

107
Q

identify the 2 arrows and the bony landmark

A

Gastrocnemius (green) and Soleus (blue) Muscles

bone landmark: Supracondylar
tuberosities

108
Q

SDF origin

A

▪ Origin: Supracondylar fossa of femur

109
Q

SDF insertion

A

Insertion: Calcaneal tuber; eminences
(medial and lateral) on palmar and
distal aspect of proximal phalanx and
proximal aspect of middle phalanx

110
Q

SDF action

A

Extension of hock

flexion of fetlock and pastern joints;
counteracts flexion (buckling forward) of pastern joint when weight bearing

111
Q

T/F No proximal check ligament in the
hindlimb

A

true

112
Q

DDF origin

A

▪ Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and caudal
proximal surface of tibia

113
Q

DDF insertion

A

▪ Insertion: Flexor surface of distal phalanx

114
Q

DDF action

A

Action: Extension of hock and flexion of
all digital joints

115
Q

what is the yellow line

A

The semilunar line (yellow line in image) partitions the solar surface of P3
into a flat part (planum cutaneum) and
a flexor surface, where the tendon of
the deep digital flexor muscle inserts

116
Q
A
117
Q

Subcutaneous between skin and SDF tendon;
subtendinous located deep to the SDF tendon where it passes over the point of the hock

A

▪ Calcanean bursae

118
Q

Surrounds the lateral digital flexor tendon from ~2-3 inches proximal to the
medial malleolus to a quarter of
the way down the metatarsus.

A

▪ Tarsal sheath

119
Q

Surrounds the tendons of the SDF and DDF proximal and distal to the fetlock

A

▪ Digital sheath

120
Q

Digital sheath extend from ___to ___

A

▪ Extends from distal quarter of cannon bone (MT III) to middle of short pastern bone (P2)

121
Q

Major components of Reciprocal Appartus

A

Major components:
▪ Superficial digital flexor m. (SDF)
▪ Peroneus tertius m. (PT)

122
Q

Reciprocal Appartus converts the limb into a

A

pantograph; Femur and metatarsus move in parallel

123
Q

Reciprocal Appartus links the action of

A

the action between the stifle and the
hock

124
Q

▪ If stifle flexes, pull on PT causes hock to ___

▪ If stifle extends, pull on SDF causes hock to ____

A

Flex
Extend

125
Q

Whats wrong

A

Peroneus Tertius rupture

126
Q

Peroneus Tertius rupture most characteristic diagnostic feature is

A

ability to extend the hock when the stifle
is flexed

▪ Animal is lame but can usually
bear weight on the limb.

127
Q

Peroneus Tertius rupture affected limb exhibits a ___ motion when brought forward

A

jerking

128
Q

TX for Peroneus Tertius rupture

A

▪ Conservative treatment consisting
of prolonged rest (~4 mo.);
prognosis is favorable

129
Q

what is passive stay

A

▪ If the stifle can be locked in extension,
this would lock the the hock in
extension as well.

▪ Use of fibrous components to
conserve muscle energy

130
Q

How to do passive stay

A

▪ Patellar locking mechanism!

131
Q

Patellar locking mechanism:

Patella is pulled onto resting surface
of tubercle of medial trochlear ridge
via the

A

quadriceps femoris m.

132
Q

Patellar locking mechanism:
Medial and intermediate patellar ligaments, along with the parapatellar fibrocartilage and
patella, form a __________

A

a loop around the medial trochlear ridge

133
Q

Patellar locking mechanism is caused by what rotation

A

▪ Medial rotation of the patella locks it
in place on the resting surface.

134
Q

SDF maintains extension of _____

A

tarsus

135
Q

T/F Peroneus tertius not active in stay

A

true

136
Q

how does this upward fixation of the
patella prevent flexion of the hock,
resulting in “peg leg”?

A

Reciprocal Apparatus!

137
Q

Clinical condition in which the patella
becomes locked in position on the trochlear
resting surface

Commonly referred to as a

A

upward fixation of patella

aka: STIFLED HORSE

138
Q

upward fixation of patella (stifled horse) is caused by (2)

A

▪ Most likely brought about by a
neuromuscular disorder or spasm of the
medial thigh muscles

▪ A temporary lock may be broken by startling a horse into sudden movement or by forcing the horse to walk backwards

139
Q

T/F A persistent lock may require surgical
intervention (e.g., cut medial patellar
ligament)

A

true

CVM: 720 Anatomy II (5 decks)

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