Lecture 4: Pelvic limb 2 Flashcards
identify the 5 muscles in order from top arrow to the bottom
Rounded rump in horse consists of what 2 large groups of muscles
Large gluteal muscles
Caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles
what is the main action of large gluteal muscles
Collectively act to extend,
abduct, and medially rotate the
limb at the coxal joint
Caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles have __________ heads
vertebral
what is the main function of the caudal thigh (hamstring) muscles
Collectively act in extension of coxal joint and flexion of stifle when non-weight bearing.
origin of Superficial gluteal m.
Origin: Tuber coxae and gluteal fascia
insertion of Superficial gluteal m.
Insertion: Third trochanter
Origin of Middle gluteal m.
Gluteal surface of ilium, tuber
coxae, sacrosciatic ligament
insertion of Middle gluteal m.
Greater trochanter (caudal part); proximal femur between greater
and third trochanters
how many parts does the middle gluteal muscle have
Has 2 parts (do not need to be distinguished)
Deeper part is often considered a separate muscle, the accessory gluteal m
where tendon of insertion passes over cranial part of greater trochanter
Trochanteric bursa
Deep gluteal m. origin
Origin: Body of ilium, ischiatic spine
Deep gluteal m. insertion
Insertion: Greater trochanter (cranial
part)
caudal thigh muscle is commonly called the ____ muscle
hamstring
All caudal thigh muscles (hamstring) take partial origin from______________, but have additional________________ origin
tuber ischii (pelvic origin)
(more proximal) vertebral
All caudal thigh muscles take partial origin from tuber ischii (pelvic origin), but have additional (more proximal) vertebral origins:
what are the 3 vertebral origins
▪ Biceps femoris (1): sacrum and
sacrosciatic ligament
▪ Semitendinosus (2): sacrosciatic
ligament and caudal vertebrae
▪ Semimembranosus (3): caudal-most
edge of sacrosciatic ligament
identify 1-3
▪ Biceps femoris (1)
▪ Semitendinosus (2)
▪ Semimembranosus (3)
Biceps femoris has 3 parts with insertions on
the..
▪ Patella and lateral patellar ligament (1)
▪ Cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect) (2)
▪ Crural fascia and tuber calcanei via common
calcanean tendon (3)
Semitendinosus inserts on cranial border of __________ and tuber calcanei via ______________
tibia (medial aspect)
common calcanean tendon
Semimembranosus inserts on____________of femur and____________of stifle
medial epicondyle
medial collateral ligament
Identify the 3 parts of Bicep femoris insertions
▪ Patella and lateral patellar ligament (1)
▪ Cranial border of the tibia (lateral aspect) (2)
▪ Crural fascia and tuber calcanei via common
calcanean tendon (3)
identify A, B,C
identify the bone landmarks
Biceps femoris and Semitendinosus muscle are innervated by what nerve
Caudal gluteal n.
(the vertebral heads)
Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
what nerve innervates all 3 of these muscles
sciatic
__________ of biceps femoris and semitendinosus mm. are supplied by caudal gluteal n.,____________ are supplied by sciatic n.
Vertebral heads. pelvic heads (all)
Tensor faciae latae muscle
deep gluteal muscle
Middle gluteal muscle
superficial gluteal muscle
are innervated by what nerve
cranial gluteal nerve
Middle gluteal muscle
superficial gluteal muscle
Biceps femoris muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
what nerve innervates these muscles
caudal gluteal nerve
identify the muscles highlighted
what 4 muscles make up the adductors of the limb (medial thigh muscles)
Sartorius
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
Origin and insertion of Sartorius
▪ O: Psoas fascia and tendon
▪ I: Medial aspect of stifle
origin and insertion of Gracilis
▪ O: Pelvic symphysis via symphyseal tendon
▪ I: Medial aspect of stifle, cranial border of the tibia
origin and insertion of Adductor
▪ O: Ventral surface of pubis & ischium, symphyseal tendon
▪ I: Caudal aspect of and medial epicondyle of femur
origin and insertion of Pectineus
▪ O: Margin of pubis (pecten)
▪ I: Medial surface of femur
what nerve innervates the adductor muscles
All are provided motor innervation by the obturator nerve EXCEPT the sartorius
m., which is innervated by the saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)
identify the muscles based on color
identify the 2 muscles in green
what muscles makes the cranial and caudal border of the femoral triangle
The pectineus m. forms the caudal border of the femoral triangle and the sartorius m. (removed) forms the cranial border.
what nerve emerges from the iliopsoas m
The femoral nerve emerges from the iliopsoas m.
what nerve passes through the obturator
foramen
obturator n.
main nerve to medial thigh muscles
The sartorius m. is innervated by the saphenous n. which is branch of what nerve
femoral nerve
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve
3.Sartorius m.
what muscles make up the lateral rotators of the hip
(hint 4)
Same as in dog: external obturator,
internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus
femoris
where do the lateral rotator muscles of the hip insert at
Insert in:
trochanteric fossa (external obturator,internal obturator, gemelli)
trochanteric crest of femur (quadratus
femoris)
what muscle is this:
Pelvic floor muscle, dorsal to obturator
foramen
Internal obturator (cranial thigh muscle)
Tendon of insertion of the internal obturator muscle passes over __________
lesser ischiatic notch
where does the Gemelli (cranial and caudal) originate
Originates from ischium, ventral to
lesser ischiatic notch
what muscle is this:
Appears to be two identical mm. on
either side of internal obturator
tendon
Gemelli (cranial and caudal)
origin of the Quadratus femoris
Originates from ventral aspect of
ilium, inserts on trochanteric crest of
femur
what 2 things are being pointed to in this picture
what muscles are indicated here
Quadriceps femoris muscle group is comprised of
Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius
Quadriceps femoris muscle group all insert at
All insert on the patella (A) and tibial
tuberosity (B) via the patellar ligaments
(1, 2, 3)
Rectus femoris* originates from body
of ilium (rectus femoris area), craniodorsal to
acetabulum
Only muscle of the group that crosses the
hip joint
Rectus femoris
action of rectus femoris m.
▪ Flexes the hip joint
Vastus muscles originate from proximal
aspect of what bone
femur
what muscle is here
rectus femoris area
Rectus femoris*
what are the muscles of the crus
- Cranial tibial m. is
- Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m
- Fibularis (peroneus) longus m
- Soleus m. (very small)
- Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.
- Digital flexor (SDF, DDF) mm
- Gastrocnemius
what muscle is this?
is NOT the most superficial
muscle of the crus in the large animal
▪ Located deep to other craniolateral mm.
▪ Sits right against the tibia
Cranial tibial m.
This is a muscle of the crus (not in dog)
▪ Fibrous band in horse
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m.
Fibularis (peroneus) longus m is or IS NOT present in a horse
NOT PRESENT
what muscle is this
very small; present in large animals
(and the cat), not present in the dog;
contributes to common calcanean tendon
Soleus m.
What are the 4 main muscle differences between a dog and a horse in the crus
- Cranial tibial m. (not the most superficial in LA)
- Fibularis (peroneus) tertius m (in horse, not in dog)
- Fibularis (peroneus) longus m(in dog not horse)
- Soleus m. (very small in LA, not present in dogs)
what muscles in the crus is similar between horse and dog
- Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.
- Digital flexor (SDF, DDF) mm
- Gastrocnemius
what muscle of the horse are equivalent to common and lateral digital extensor mm. of thoracic limb
Long (5a) and lateral (5b) digital extensor mm.
Equine lateral digital extensor tendon joins
the tendon of the _______
long digital extensor
DDF of a horse has how many heads
DDF has medial and lateral heads; a.k.a.,
medial digital flexor and lateral digital flexor
mm
T/F Gastrocnemius and popliteus mm. similar in all species
true
Lateral digital flexor passes across what structure
sustentaculum tali
Cranial Muscles of the Crus:
Collective action and innervation
Collective action: Flexion of hock
Innervation: Common fibular n.
Peroneus tertius is a fibrous band; really hidden!
origin of cranial tibial muscle
▪ Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia
insertion of cranial tibial muscle (2)
▪ Dorsal tendon: Metatarsal tuberosity (X)
▪ Medial tendon (a.k.a., cunean tendon):
fused tarsal bones I & II (X
what is affiliated with the medial tendon of the cranial tibial m
cunean bursa
Located between the cunean tendon and the
underlying medial collateral ligament of the tarsal joints
cunean bursa
Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius origin and what it will then pass through
Origin: Extensor fossa of femur, in common with long digital extensor m.
▪ Passes through extensor groove of tibia
Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius insertion
Insertion (via two tendons):
▪ Dorsal tendon: Tarsal bone III, Metatarsal bone III (X)
▪ Lateral tendon: Calcaneus, Tarsal bone IV (X)
Forms a “tunnel” through which the tendon
of the cranial tibial m. passes
Peroneus (Fibularis) Tertius
identify what inserts here
Fibularis Tertius:
▪ Dorsal tendon: Tarsal bone III, Metatarsal bone III (X black )
▪ Lateral tendon: Calcaneus, Tarsal bone IV (X blue)
Origin: Long digital extensor:
Extensor fossa of femur, in common with long peroneus tertius m.; passes through
extensor groove of tibia
Lateral digital extensor origin
Lateral collateral ligament of
stifle
Long and Lateral digital extensor tendons unite where
at the level of the metatarsus, distal
to the metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum
Long and Lateral digital extensor insertion
▪ Insertion: Extensor process of distal phalanx III
Long and Lateral digital extensor Action and innervation
Action: Flexes hock and extends digit
▪ Both are innervated by common fibular n.
what makes up the Extensor Retinacula (A, B, C)
A. Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
B. Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
C. Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum
Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum is made of
▪ Long digital extensor, peroneus tertius,
cranial tibial tendons
Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum is made of
Long digital extensor tendon
Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum is made of
Long digital extensor and lateral digital
extensor tendons
identify A-C AND 1,2
A. Crural (proximal) extensor retinaculum
B. Tarsal (middle) extensor retinaculum
C. Metatarsal (distal) extensor retinaculum
Gastrocnemius m.+ Soleus m.=
Tricep surae m.
Caudal Muscles of the Crus
collective action and innvervation
Collective action: Extension of hock
Innervation: Tibial n.
Gastrocnemius origin
Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur (lateral head of gastrocnemius) and medial supracondylar tuberosity of femur
Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles (TRICEP SURAE) insertion
▪ Insertion: Calcaneal tuber
identify the 2 arrows and the bony landmark
Gastrocnemius (green) and Soleus (blue) Muscles
bone landmark: Supracondylar
tuberosities
SDF origin
▪ Origin: Supracondylar fossa of femur
SDF insertion
Insertion: Calcaneal tuber; eminences
(medial and lateral) on palmar and
distal aspect of proximal phalanx and
proximal aspect of middle phalanx
SDF action
Extension of hock
flexion of fetlock and pastern joints;
counteracts flexion (buckling forward) of pastern joint when weight bearing
T/F No proximal check ligament in the
hindlimb
true
DDF origin
▪ Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and caudal
proximal surface of tibia
DDF insertion
▪ Insertion: Flexor surface of distal phalanx
DDF action
Action: Extension of hock and flexion of
all digital joints
what is the yellow line
The semilunar line (yellow line in image) partitions the solar surface of P3
into a flat part (planum cutaneum) and
a flexor surface, where the tendon of
the deep digital flexor muscle inserts
Subcutaneous between skin and SDF tendon;
subtendinous located deep to the SDF tendon where it passes over the point of the hock
▪ Calcanean bursae
Surrounds the lateral digital flexor tendon from ~2-3 inches proximal to the
medial malleolus to a quarter of
the way down the metatarsus.
▪ Tarsal sheath
Surrounds the tendons of the SDF and DDF proximal and distal to the fetlock
▪ Digital sheath
Digital sheath extend from ___to ___
▪ Extends from distal quarter of cannon bone (MT III) to middle of short pastern bone (P2)
Major components of Reciprocal Appartus
Major components:
▪ Superficial digital flexor m. (SDF)
▪ Peroneus tertius m. (PT)
Reciprocal Appartus converts the limb into a
pantograph; Femur and metatarsus move in parallel
Reciprocal Appartus links the action of
the action between the stifle and the
hock
▪ If stifle flexes, pull on PT causes hock to ___
▪ If stifle extends, pull on SDF causes hock to ____
Flex
Extend
Whats wrong
Peroneus Tertius rupture
Peroneus Tertius rupture most characteristic diagnostic feature is
ability to extend the hock when the stifle
is flexed
▪ Animal is lame but can usually
bear weight on the limb.
Peroneus Tertius rupture affected limb exhibits a ___ motion when brought forward
jerking
TX for Peroneus Tertius rupture
▪ Conservative treatment consisting
of prolonged rest (~4 mo.);
prognosis is favorable
what is passive stay
▪ If the stifle can be locked in extension,
this would lock the the hock in
extension as well.
▪ Use of fibrous components to
conserve muscle energy
How to do passive stay
▪ Patellar locking mechanism!
Patellar locking mechanism:
Patella is pulled onto resting surface
of tubercle of medial trochlear ridge
via the
quadriceps femoris m.
Patellar locking mechanism:
Medial and intermediate patellar ligaments, along with the parapatellar fibrocartilage and
patella, form a __________
a loop around the medial trochlear ridge
Patellar locking mechanism is caused by what rotation
▪ Medial rotation of the patella locks it
in place on the resting surface.
SDF maintains extension of _____
tarsus
T/F Peroneus tertius not active in stay
true
how does this upward fixation of the
patella prevent flexion of the hock,
resulting in “peg leg”?
Reciprocal Apparatus!
Clinical condition in which the patella
becomes locked in position on the trochlear
resting surface
Commonly referred to as a
upward fixation of patella
aka: STIFLED HORSE
upward fixation of patella (stifled horse) is caused by (2)
▪ Most likely brought about by a
neuromuscular disorder or spasm of the
medial thigh muscles
▪ A temporary lock may be broken by startling a horse into sudden movement or by forcing the horse to walk backwards
T/F A persistent lock may require surgical
intervention (e.g., cut medial patellar
ligament)
true
Origin of soleus
originates from the fibula
T/F middle gluteal muscle has a vertebral head which extends as far as the cranial lumbar vertebra
true
caudal tibial muscle that is usually considered as a part of the ________
DDF
caudal tibial muscle has a small belly and long thin tendon that passes over the ____________ in combination with the _____________
sustentaculum tali
lateral digital flexor tendon
