Lecture 3: Pelvic limb Flashcards
T/F Unlike the thoracic limb, the pelvic limb has a true bony connection to the trunk
true
The pelvis articulates with the trunk via the ______ joint and with the pelvic limb via the ______ joint
sacroiliac, coxal
The pelvis is comprised of left and right _______ that are joined at the ventral midline by the pelvic symphysis.
os coxae
Each os coxae is comprised of three bones
(developmentally, 4 bones)
List them
▪ Ilium
▪ Ischium
▪ Pubis
▪ Acetabular bone (developmentally)
point of buttock is the common term for what
ischiatic tuberosity
what is the croup
region between hip bone and into rump/hindquarter
identify red, green, blue
label 1-4
____________ is located 2/3 of distance
between tuber coxae and tuber ischii (red line)
Greater trochanter (caudal part)
If any of these are out of conformation, what might it lead to?
- Tuber sacrale
- Tuber coxae
- Tuber ischii
- Greater trochanter
lamness
Dog have cord-like sacrotuberous ligament and Greater and lesser ischiatic notches
Horses have?
Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament
Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament which attach to
ischiatic spine
what are the borders of Pelvic Inlet:
Ventral border: Pecten pubis, or pubic
brim
Lateral border: Arcuate line
Dorsal border: Sacral promontory and
wing of sacrum
the cranial-most rim of the pelvis located between the (dorsal) pubic tubercle and iliopubic eminence
Pecten pubis, or pubic brim
the ridge extending between the iliopubic eminence and the auricular surface of the ilium. A tuberosity for the insertion of the psoas minor muscle is located midway along this line.
Arcuate line
what muscle inserts at the Psoas
tuberosity
psoas minor
Bones of the pelvic limb
▪ Femur
▪ Patella
▪ Tibia / Fibula
▪ Tarsal bones
▪ Metatarsal bones
▪ Proximal sesamoids
▪ Phalanges
List the Tarsal bones
▪ Proximal row: calcaneus, talus
▪ Middle row: central, 4th
▪ Distal row: 1st / 2nd (fused), 3rd, 4
list the Metatarsal bones
▪ MT III (cannon bone) – Weight-bearing
▪ MT II, MT IV (Splint bones, medial and lateral)
list the bones of the phalanges
▪ Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
▪ Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
▪ Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)
▪ Distal sesamoid bone (navicular)
significance of the Proximal sesamoids
major structure for suspensory apparatus
what bone is this
femur
Identify the parts of the equine femur
the greater trochanter of the equine femur is divided into
Divided into cranial (Cr) and
caudal (Cd) parts.
what is affiliated with the cranial part of the greater trochanter of the femur
There is a subtendinous bursa
(trochanteric bursa) affiliated with
the cranial part.
if the bursa is irritated, it can lead to lameness
what part of the femur is this?
what muscle inserts here?
third trochanter; Significant in the equine species
superficial gluteal muscle
which tubercle is larger of the trochlea of the femur
that the medial trochlear ridge is larger
than the lateral and bears a pronounced
tubercle (*).
The trochlea of the femur is comprised of __________
Comprised of medial and lateral ridges with
a deep depression (trochlear groove)
between them
resting surface is on what part of femur
trochlear groove
In the dog, what muscle originated from the
extensor fossa of the femur and passed through the extensor groove of the tibia?
long digital extensor
extensor groove
As in the dog, the_______________in the horse originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.
long digital extensor m.
In the horse (and other large animal
species) there is an additional muscle,
the ______that also originates at extensor
groove of the tibia.
peroneus (fibularis) tertius
what two muscles is this showing
Long digital extensor
Peroneus tertius
Origin of superficial digital flexor muscle
supracondylar fossa
The roughened cranial border of the supracondylar fossa is the l__________________ (arrow) and is the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
what is being pointed to
lateral supracondylar tuberosity
Dr.P calls this Supracondylar fossa??
origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius
Medial supracondylar tuberosity (
what is the difference between the fibula of a dog and horse
▪ Separate and elongate bone in
the pig, dog/cat, and human.
▪ Reduced in the horse and
ruminant.
Fibula of a horse:
T/F The distal extremity is reduced and does
not extend the full length of the crus.
true
which one is the fibula or splint bones
fibula= left
splint bone= right
how to tell splint bones vs. fibula
splint bone:
- has buttons
- head is bigger/wider
fibula:
-ends at a point
- head it flat
Developmentally, the lateral malleolus is
the distal end of the fibula.
In the equine species, the fibula is fused with the tibia and is referenced as the ________
lateral malleolus of the tibia
what this area is called and what it articulates with
cochlea; trochlea of the talus
identify 1-6
calcanean tuber; common calcanean tendon connects
how does the tarsus connect to the metatarsus (3)
▪ Fused tarsal bones I & II articulate with MT II & III
▪ Tarsal bone III articulates with MT III
▪ Tarsal bone IV articulates with MT III & IV
what is the only weight-bearing digit of an equine pes
digit 3
MT III is also called ________
MT II and IV also called ________
MT III (cannon bone)
MT II and IV (medial/lateral splint bones)
what are the common names for the Proximal phalanx, Middle phalanx ,Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)
what are the sesamoid bones in an equine pes (2)
▪ Proximal, paired (at metatarsophalangeal jt.)
▪ Distal (at distal interphalangeal jt.)
identify the palpable landmarks
list all the joints in the pelvic limb of a horse
▪ Sacroiliac joint
▪ Coxal (hip) joint
▪ Stifle joint
▪ Tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint
▪ Tarsal joints
▪ Digital joints
what joints make up the stifle joint
▪ Femorotibial joint
▪ Femoropatellar joint
▪ Proximal tibiofibular joint
what joints make up the Tarsal joint
▪ Proximal and distal intertarsal joints
▪ Tarsometatarsal joint
what joints make up the Digital joints
▪ Metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint
▪ Proximal interphalangeal(pastern) joint
▪ Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
T/F Sacroiliac joint has articular surfaces
true
wing of the ilium and the sacrum
common name for Metatarsophalangeal joint
fetlock
common name for proximal interdigital joint
pastern
common name for Distal interdigital joint
coffin
sacroiliac joint has articulation between (2)
▪ Auricular surface of wing of sacrum
▪ Auricular surface of ilium
Excessive strain on the SI joint can lead to ligament tears and ______
dislocation of SI joint (Hunter’s bump)
what forms the coxal joint (what articulates together)
Articulation of femoral head with
acetabulum of os coxa (highlighted,
left side)
what is the deep depression that receives the head of the femur in formation of the coxal joint
acetabulum
what is the acetabulum composed of (what bones form it)
Composed of the ilium, ischium, pubis,
and acetabular bone (developmentally).
▪ Various bony components (of acetabulum)
are not distinguishable in the adult.
In life, fibrocartilage extends the rim and
deepens the acetabulum
what is this referred to as
▪ Referred to as the labrum.
outer rim of acetabulum
The acetabulum is notched (ventrally/laterally)
ventrally
what is the acetabulum spanned (in life) by
the transverse acetabular ligament
what is the structure highlighted?
what is the structure with the star on it?
▪ LUNATE SURFACE (highlighted) is the articular surface of the acetabulum.
▪ The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular
T/F The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular
true
Attachment site of ligament of the femoral head
acetabular fossa
Equine: two femoral ligaments
provides a high level of stability, securing against _____
luxation
Equine: two femoral ligaments
Both ligaments pass deep to the
______________________ ligament and
insert on the ____________ of the head
of the femur
transverse acetabular , fovea capitis
T/F Ligament of femoral head, same in all
species
true
Ligament of femoral head extends from __________ of femur to acetabular fossa
fovea capitis
fovea capitis of femur
what is the name of the femoral ligament unique to horses
Accessory ligament (AL)
what does the Accessory ligament (AL) detach from
prepubic tendon
what is the purpose of the Accessory ligament (AL)
Restricts movement and stabilizes the joint
why is there a forward pull on prepubic tendon
Forward pull on prepubic tendon by weight of
abdominal viscera
➢ Coxal joint luxations are very rare!!
T/F the accessory ligament somewhat restricts abduction of the limb at the coxal joint, BUT that does not mean a horse cannot side kick
true
what is the coxal joint location
About 2/3 the distance between
the tuber coxae and tuber ischii,
slightly cranioventral to caudal
part of greater trochanter.
what kind of joint is the stifle joint
Compound joint (articulations between
multiple bones)
list the 3 articulations in the stifle joint of a horse
▪ Femorotibial articulation
▪ Femoropatellar articulation
▪ Proximal tibiofibular articulation
T/F In the stifle joint of a horse, bony articular surfaces are incongruent and unstable
If so, why?
true; Rounded femoral condyles + flat tibial condyles = not congruent
what are accessory structures (like collateral ligaments, cruciate etc.) required for in the stifle joint
congruency and stability
T/F Collateral, cruciate, and meniscal
ligaments are the same in all domestic
species, except there is no transverse
ligament in large animals.
true
identify 1 and 2
- patellar ligaments
- tendon of poplitues m.
what does the menisci aid with
shock absorption and stability
In the horse (and ox), the patella is
attached to the tibial tuberosity by three
patellar ligaments:
▪ Medial (M) (MEDIAL IS BIGGER)
▪ Intermediate, or middle (I)
▪ Lateral (L)
There is a _______________ interposed between the medial patellar ligament and patella
parapatellar fibrocartilage
what is the purpose of the parapatellar fibrocartilage
▪ Important for patellar locking mechanism
parapatellar fibrocartilage
The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, along with the patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), form a loop around the ____________
medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D).
The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments
parapatellar fibrocartilage (C)
medial trochlear ridge of the
femur (D)
what is the purpose of the medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), and medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D)
These structures aid in the “locking” of the patella on the resting surface of the tubercle of the medial trochlear ridge of the femur.
The femorotibial joint has two synovial
compartments:
➢ Medial
➢ Lateral
The femoropatellar joint has a large, undivided ___________
synovial compartment
what is labeled blue? pink? green?
blue: femoropatellar joint
pink: Lateral synovial compartment
green: Medial synovial compartment
Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with Medial femorotibial synovial compartment?
usually they communicate (meaning they share fluid)
Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with lateral femorotibial synovial compartment?
sometimes they communicate (25%)
Does the Medial femorotibial synovial compartment communicate with the Lateral femorotibial synovial compartment ?
NO
There is a large ______ located between the joint capsule of the femoropatellar joint and the patellar ligaments
fat pad
The patellar fat pad bulges _____ between the patellar ligaments
cranially
(frequently not present in disscetions)
The tibial tuberosity (1) can be used
as a landmark for locating the patellar
ligaments (2) and patella (3).
T/F The stifle is hard to visualize on a live
horse
true
(▪ Locate the tibial tuberosity proximocranial to the bulge of crural muscles and work proximally)
note: the location of the patella
to the fold of the flank
A: Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint (A, peach line)
B: Proximal intertarsal joint (B, purple line)
C: Distal intertarsal joint (C, green line
D: Tarsometatarsal joint (D, brown line)
what joint of the tarsal joints has the greatest movement
▪ Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint
what joint is between cochlea of the tibia and trochlea of the talus
Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint
what joint is between talus & calcaneus and central & 4th tarsal bones
▪ Little to no movement
Proximal intertarsal joint
what joint is between central and fused 1st/2nd & 3rd tarsal bones
▪ Little to no movement
Distal intertarsal joint
what joint is between tarsus and metatarsus
▪ Little to no movement
Tarsometatarsal joint
what is the yellow representing around the tarsal joints
Common outer fibrous joint capsule with
the synovial membrane attached around
the articular margins of each component
joint.
Does the Tarsocrural jt. and the Proximal intertarsal jt. communicate
Always; communicate freely
Does the Proximal intertarsal jt. and Distal intertarsal jt. communicate
Never; rarely communicate
does the Distal intertarsal jt. and Tarsometatarsal jt. communicate
sometimes; about 40% of the time
what joints make up the digit of a horse
list the components of suspensory apparatus
Proximal sesamoid bones
▪ Intersesamoidean ligament (scutum)
▪ Distal sesamoidean ligaments (x3)
what joint is located within the hoof capsule “coffin”
▪ Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
Distal sesamoid bone is also called? where is it located
navicular bone, Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint
