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CVM: 720 Anatomy II > Lecture 3: Pelvic limb > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Pelvic limb Flashcards

1
Q

T/F Unlike the thoracic limb, the pelvic limb has a true bony connection to the trunk

A

true

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2
Q

The pelvis articulates with the trunk via the ______ joint and with the pelvic limb via the ______ joint

A

sacroiliac, coxal

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3
Q

The pelvis is comprised of left and right _______ that are joined at the ventral midline by the pelvic symphysis.

A

os coxae

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4
Q

Each os coxae is comprised of three bones
(developmentally, 4 bones)

List them

A

▪ Ilium
▪ Ischium
▪ Pubis
▪ Acetabular bone (developmentally)

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

point of buttock is the common term for what

A

ischiatic tuberosity

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7
Q

what is the croup

A

region between hip bone and into rump/hindquarter

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8
Q

identify red, green, blue

A
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9
Q

label 1-4

A
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10
Q

____________ is located 2/3 of distance
between tuber coxae and tuber ischii (red line)

A

Greater trochanter (caudal part)

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11
Q

If any of these are out of conformation, what might it lead to?

  1. Tuber sacrale
  2. Tuber coxae
  3. Tuber ischii
  4. Greater trochanter
A

lamness

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Dog have cord-like sacrotuberous ligament and Greater and lesser ischiatic notches

Horses have?

A

Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament

Greater and lesser sciatic foramina

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14
Q

Horse (and other large animal species) has broad sacrosciatic ligament which attach to

A

ischiatic spine

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15
Q

what are the borders of Pelvic Inlet:

A

Ventral border: Pecten pubis, or pubic
brim

Lateral border: Arcuate line

Dorsal border: Sacral promontory and
wing of sacrum

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16
Q

the cranial-most rim of the pelvis located between the (dorsal) pubic tubercle and iliopubic eminence

A

Pecten pubis, or pubic brim

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17
Q

the ridge extending between the iliopubic eminence and the auricular surface of the ilium. A tuberosity for the insertion of the psoas minor muscle is located midway along this line.

A

Arcuate line

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what muscle inserts at the Psoas
tuberosity

A

psoas minor

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20
Q

Bones of the pelvic limb

A

▪ Femur
▪ Patella
▪ Tibia / Fibula
▪ Tarsal bones
▪ Metatarsal bones
▪ Proximal sesamoids
▪ Phalanges

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21
Q

List the Tarsal bones

A

▪ Proximal row: calcaneus, talus
▪ Middle row: central, 4th
▪ Distal row: 1st / 2nd (fused), 3rd, 4

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22
Q

list the Metatarsal bones

A

▪ MT III (cannon bone) – Weight-bearing
▪ MT II, MT IV (Splint bones, medial and lateral)

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23
Q

list the bones of the phalanges

A

▪ Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
▪ Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
▪ Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)
▪ Distal sesamoid bone (navicular)

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24
Q

significance of the Proximal sesamoids

A

major structure for suspensory apparatus

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25
Q

what bone is this

A

femur

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26
Q

Identify the parts of the equine femur

A
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27
Q

the greater trochanter of the equine femur is divided into

A

Divided into cranial (Cr) and
caudal (Cd) parts.

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28
Q

what is affiliated with the cranial part of the greater trochanter of the femur

A

There is a subtendinous bursa
(trochanteric bursa) affiliated with
the cranial part.

if the bursa is irritated, it can lead to lameness

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29
Q

what part of the femur is this?
what muscle inserts here?

A

third trochanter; Significant in the equine species

superficial gluteal muscle

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30
Q

which tubercle is larger of the trochlea of the femur

A

that the medial trochlear ridge is larger
than the lateral and bears a pronounced
tubercle (*).

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31
Q

The trochlea of the femur is comprised of __________

A

Comprised of medial and lateral ridges with
a deep depression (trochlear groove)
between them

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

resting surface is on what part of femur

A

trochlear groove

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34
Q

In the dog, what muscle originated from the
extensor fossa of the femur and passed through the extensor groove of the tibia?

A

long digital extensor

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35
Q
A

extensor groove

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36
Q

As in the dog, the_______________in the horse originates from the extensor fossa of the femur and passes through the extensor groove of the tibia.

A

long digital extensor m.

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37
Q

In the horse (and other large animal
species) there is an additional muscle,
the ______that also originates at extensor
groove of the tibia.

A

peroneus (fibularis) tertius

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38
Q

what two muscles is this showing

A

Long digital extensor
Peroneus tertius

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39
Q

Origin of superficial digital flexor muscle

A

supracondylar fossa

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40
Q

The roughened cranial border of the supracondylar fossa is the l__________________ (arrow) and is the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle

A

lateral supracondylar tuberosity

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41
Q

what is being pointed to

A

lateral supracondylar tuberosity

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42
Q

origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius

A

Medial supracondylar tuberosity (

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43
Q

what is the difference between the fibula of a dog and horse

A

▪ Separate and elongate bone in
the pig, dog/cat, and human.

▪ Reduced in the horse and
ruminant.

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44
Q

Fibula of a horse:

T/F The distal extremity is reduced and does
not extend the full length of the crus.

A

true

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45
Q

which one is the fibula or splint bones

A

fibula= left
splint bone= right

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46
Q

how to tell splint bones vs. fibula

A

splint bone:
- has buttons
- head is bigger/wider

fibula:
-ends at a point
- head it flat

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47
Q

Developmentally, the lateral malleolus is
the distal end of the _____

A

fibula

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48
Q

In the equine species, the fibula is fused with the tibia and is referenced as the ________

A

lateral malleolus of the tibia

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49
Q

what this area is called and what it articulates with

A

cochlea; trochlea of the talus

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50
Q

identify 1-6

A
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51
Q
A

calcanean tuber; common calcanean tendon connects

52
Q

how does the tarsus connect to the metatarsus (3)

A

▪ Fused tarsal bones I & II articulate with MT II & III
▪ Tarsal bone III articulates with MT III
▪ Tarsal bone IV articulates with MT III & IV

53
Q

what is the only weight-bearing digit of an equine pes

A

digit 3

54
Q

MT III is also called ________
MT II and IV also called ________

A

MT III (cannon bone)
MT II and IV (medial/lateral splint bones)

55
Q

what are the common names for the Proximal phalanx, Middle phalanx ,Distal phalanx

A

Proximal phalanx (P1, long pastern)
Middle phalanx (P2, short pastern)
Distal phalanx (P3, coffin)

56
Q

what are the sesamoid bones in an equine pes (2)

A

▪ Proximal, paired (at metatarsophalangeal jt.)

▪ Distal (at distal interphalangeal jt.)

57
Q

identify the palpable landmarks

A
58
Q

list all the joints in the pelvic limb of a horse

A

▪ Sacroiliac joint
▪ Coxal (hip) joint
▪ Stifle joint
▪ Tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) joint
▪ Tarsal joints
▪ Digital joints

59
Q

what joints make up the stifle joint

A

▪ Femorotibial joint
▪ Femoropatellar joint
▪ Proximal tibiofibular joint

60
Q

what joints make up the Tarsal joint

A

▪ Proximal and distal intertarsal joints
▪ Tarsometatarsal joint

61
Q

what joints make up the Digital joints

A

▪ Metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint
▪ Proximal interdigital (pastern) joint
▪ Distal interdigital (coffin) joint

62
Q

T/F Sacroiliac joint has articular surfaces

A

true

wing of the ilium and the sacrum

63
Q

common name for Metatarsophalangeal joint

A

fetlock

64
Q

common name for proximal interdigital joint

A

pastern

65
Q

common name for Distal interdigital joint

A

coffin

66
Q

sacroiliac joint has articulation between (2)

A

▪ Auricular surface of wing of sacrum
▪ Auricular surface of ilium

67
Q

Excessive strain can lead to ligament tears and ______

A

dislocation of SI joint (Hunter’s bump)

68
Q

what forms the coxal joint (what articulates together)

A

Articulation of femoral head with
acetabulum of os coxa (highlighted,
left side)

69
Q

what is the deep depression that receives the head of the femur in formation of the coxal joint

A

acetabulum

70
Q

what is the acetabulum composed of (what bones form it)

A

Composed of the ilium, ischium, pubis,
and acetabular bone (developmentally).

▪ Various bony components (of acetabulum)
are not distinguishable in the adult.

71
Q

In life, fibrocartilage extends the rim and
deepens the acetabulum

what is this referred to as

A

▪ Referred to as the labrum.

72
Q
A

outer rim of acetabulum

73
Q

The acetabulum is notched (ventrally/laterally)

A

ventrally

74
Q

what is the acetabulum spanned (in life) by

A

the transverse acetabular ligament

75
Q

what is the structure highlighted?
what is the structure with the star on it?

A

▪ The semilunar, smooth surface (highlighted) is the articular surface of the acetabulum.

▪ The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular

76
Q

T/F The deep depression, or acetabular fossa*, is non-articular

A

true

77
Q

Attachment site of ligament of the femoral head

A

acetabular fossa

78
Q

Equine: two femoral ligaments

provides a high level of stability, securing against _____

A

luxation

79
Q

Equine: two femoral ligaments

Both ligaments pass deep to the
______________________ ligament and
insert on the ____________ of the head
of the femur

A

transverse acetabular , fovea capitis

80
Q

T/F Ligament of femoral head, same in all
species

A

true

81
Q

Ligament of femoral head extends from __________ of femur to acetabular fossa

A

fovea capitis

82
Q
A
83
Q

what is the name of the femoral ligament unique to horses

A

Accessory ligament (AL)

84
Q

what does the Accessory ligament (AL) detach from

A

prepubic tendon

85
Q

what is the purpose of the Accessory ligament (AL)

A

Restricts movement and stabilizes the joint

86
Q

why is there a forward pull on prepubic tendon

A

Forward pull on prepubic tendon by weight of
abdominal viscera
➢ Coxal joint luxations are very rare!!

87
Q

T/F the accessory ligament somewhat restricts abduction of the limb at the coxal joint, BUT that does not mean a horse cannot side kick

A

true

88
Q

what is the coxal joint location

A

About 2/3 the distance between
the tuber coxae and tuber ischii,
slightly cranioventral to caudal
part of greater trochanter.

89
Q

what kind of joint is the stifle joint

A

Compound joint (articulations between
multiple bones)

90
Q

list the 3 articulations in the stifle joint of a horse

A

▪ Femorotibial articulation
▪ Femoropatellar articulation
▪ Proximal tibiofibular articulation

91
Q

T/F In the stifle joint of a horse, bony articular surfaces are incongruent and unstable

If so, why?

A

true; Rounded femoral condyles + flat tibial condyles = not congruent

92
Q
A
93
Q

what are accessory structures (like collateral ligaments, cruciate etc.) required for in the stifle joint

A

congruency and stability

94
Q

T/F Collateral, cruciate, and meniscal
ligaments are the same in all domestic
species, except there is no transverse
ligament in large animals.

A

true

95
Q

identify 1 and 2

A
  1. patellar ligaments
  2. tendon of poplitues m.
96
Q

what does the menisci aid with

A

shock absorption and stability

97
Q

In the horse (and ox), the patella is
attached to the tibial tuberosity by three
patellar ligaments:

A

▪ Medial (M) (MEDIAL IS BIGGER)
▪ Intermediate, or middle (I)
▪ Lateral (L)

98
Q

There is a _______________ interposed between the medial patellar ligament and patella

A

parapatellar fibrocartilage

99
Q

what is the purpose of the parapatellar fibrocartilage

A

▪ Important for patellar locking mechanism

100
Q
A

parapatellar fibrocartilage

101
Q

The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, along with the patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), form a loop around the ____________

A

medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D).

102
Q
A

The medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments

parapatellar fibrocartilage (C)

medial trochlear ridge of the
femur (D)

103
Q

what is the purpose of the medial (A) and intermediate (B) patellar ligaments, patella and parapatellar fibrocartilage (C), and medial trochlear ridge of the femur (D)

A

These structures aid in the “locking” of the patella on the resting surface of the tubercle of the medial trochlear ridge of the femur.

104
Q

The femorotibial joint has two synovial
compartments:

A

➢ Medial
➢ Lateral

105
Q

The femoropatellar joint has a large, undivided ___________

A

synovial compartment

106
Q

what is labeled blue? pink? green?

A

blue: femoropatellar joint
pink: Lateral synovial compartment
green: Medial synovial compartment

107
Q

Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with Medial femorotibial synovial compartment?

A

usually they communicate (meaning they share fluid)

108
Q

Does Femoropatella synovial compartment communicate with lateral femorotibial synovial compartment?

A

sometimes they communicate (25%)

109
Q

Does the Medial femorotibial synovial compartment communicate with the Lateral femorotibial synovial compartment ?

A

NO

110
Q

There is a large ______ located between the joint capsule of the femoropatellar joint and the patellar ligaments

A

fat pad

111
Q

The patellar fat pad bulges _____ between the patellar ligaments

A

cranially

(frequently not present in disscetions)

112
Q
A

The tibial tuberosity (1) can be used
as a landmark for locating the patellar
ligaments (2) and patella (3).

113
Q

T/F The stifle is hard to visualize on a live
horse

A

true

(▪ Locate the tibial tuberosity proximocranial to the bulge of crural muscles and work proximally)

note: the location of the patella
to the fold of the flank

114
Q
A

A: Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint (A, peach line)
B: Proximal intertarsal joint (B, purple line)
C: Distal intertarsal joint (C, green line
D: Tarsometatarsal joint (D, brown line)

115
Q

what joint of the tarsal joints has the greatest movement

A

▪ Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint

116
Q

what joint is between cochlea of the tibia and trochlea of the talus

A

Tibotarsal (tarsocrural) joint

117
Q

what joint is between talus & calcaneus and central & 4th tarsal bones

▪ Little to no movement

A

Proximal intertarsal joint

118
Q

what joint is between central and fused 1st/2nd & 3rd tarsal bones

▪ Little to no movement

A

Distal intertarsal joint

119
Q

what joint is between tarsus and metatarsus
▪ Little to no movement

A

Tarsometatarsal joint

120
Q

what is the yellow representing around the tarsal joints

A

Common outer fibrous joint capsule with
the synovial membrane attached around
the articular margins of each component
joint.

121
Q

Does the Tarsocrural jt. and the Proximal intertarsal jt. communicate

A

Always; communicate freely

122
Q

Does the Proximal intertarsal jt. and Distal intertarsal jt. communicate

A

Never; rarely communicate

123
Q

does the Distal intertarsal jt. and Tarsometatarsal jt. communicate

A

sometimes; about 40% of the time

124
Q

what joints make up the digit of a horse

A
125
Q

list the components of suspensory apparat

A

Proximal sesamoid bones
▪ Intersesamoidean ligament (scutum)
▪ Distal sesamoidean ligaments (x3)

126
Q

what joint is located within the hoof capsule “coffin”

A

▪ Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint

127
Q

Distal sesamoid bone is also called? where is it located

A

navicular bone, Distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint

CVM: 720 Anatomy II (5 decks)

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