exam 2: GI Flashcards
The primitive gut is composed of what 3 parts
- Foregut
- Midgut
- Hindgut
what embryological structures/organs are associated with the foregut
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
what embryological structures/organs are associated with the midgut
Distal part of duodenum
Jejunum
Ileon
Cecum
2/3 Colon
what embryological structures/organs are associated with the hindgut
1/3 Colon
Rectum
what 3 things are remnants of the ventral mesenterium
Lesser omentum
Liver ligaments
Falciform ligament
“Intrathoracic abdominal organs” project _______ in thorax
cranially
on the left side of the horse, what organs are “intrathoracic”
liver, stomach, spleen
On the right side of the horse, the liver is “intrathoracic”, what about the intestines
they are in the free part of the abdomen
what are the parts of the small intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
what are the parts of the large intestine
- Cecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
what are considered accessory organs of the abdominal GI system
- Liver
- Pancreas
- *Spleen
do horses and dogs have the same GI system
yes!
How does the horse stomach differ from a dog
dog= physiological cardia
horse= physiological and anatomical cardia
T/F horses stomach is smaller than a dogs
true
why dont horses vomit
because of their physiological and anatomical cardia
what is the pylorus of the stomach
passageway from stomach to duodenum
what and where is the Saccus caecus
ventriculi
blind sac in the Fundus
is the greater omentum of a horse smaller than a dogs
yes, does not cover all of the organs
the cardias of the stomach opens directly to the _______part of the stomach
non-glandular part
what is Margo plicatus
fold that seperates gland and non-glandular part of the equine stomach
what is important to know about the Non-glandular part of the stomach that could be problematic
has no physiological protection, if touched by acid= ULCERS
Label the GREEN arrow
stomach
Rapid lengthening of the midgut leads to the formation of the primitive loop that outgrows the available space in abdominal cavity and escapes through the umbilical cord into the extra-embryonic coelom
this is referred to as
physiological umbilical herniation
The midgut loop rotates clockwise around a dorso-vental axis formed by the _________artery so that the developing gut returns to the abdominal cavity
cranial mesentery
The cranial portion of duodenum has a cranial duodenal ______
flexure
descending portion of duodenum has a relationship with the ___________
mesoduodenum
major duodenal papilla communicates with
bile duct and pancreatic duct
minor duodenal papilla communicates with
accessory pancreatic duct
the ascending portion of the duodenum has a ________ligament and _________ flexure
Duodenocolic ligament; Duodenojejunal flexure
approximately how long is the duodenum
3 ft
identify the red and green arrow
red: descending duodenum (not easy to reach)
green: liver being reflected
what part of the small intestine is located Dorsal and left to the midline.
jejunum
what part of the small intestine communicates medially with the base of the
caecum
ileum
this is different from a dog
approximate length of the jejunum and ileum
69 ft (2 m)
jejunum (in the dorsal left part of the free abdomen)
ileal papilla
T/F At first, the position and the relationship of the different intestinal tracts are similar in all domestic species
true
As a general rule, carnivores intestinal tract are short and simple, whereas in the ruminant, horse, and pigs the ______________ undergo remarkable enlargments and specific positional changes
cecum and colon
what is the main fermentation site in horses
cecum
Great importance and development that is 3 ft long approx and a capacity of over 30 L (8 gal).
It has a base oriented to the dorsal right side of the midline, a body in the right ventral abdomen and an apex central and ventral in the midline between the right and left ventral colon
what organ
cecum
what part of the cecum is this:
oriented to the dorsal right side of the midline
base
what part of the cecum is in the right ventral abdomen?
what part of the cecum is central and ventral in the midline between the right and left ventral colon?
body
apex
The longitudinal smooth muscles of the cecum forms ____________
taenias, haustras, and semilunar folds
what are taenias important for
movement
what are haustras
sacculations
where are the semilunar folds located
between haustras
cecum communicates directly with the ileum via ________ surrounded by a sphincter and the right ventral colon via ________
ileal papilla; Caecocolic orifice
T/F you can palpate the taenias rectally
true
what are the 3 parts of the colon
Ascending colon (Large Colon ), Transverse and descending colon (Small colon)
List the parts of the large colon
➢ Right ventral
➢ Sternal flexure
➢ Left ventral
➢ Pelvic flexure
➢ Left dorsal (smallest)
➢ Diaphragmatic flexure
➢ Right dorsal (biggest)
what is the biggest part of the large colon
Right dorsal
what tends to happen in the pelvic flexure of the large colon
entrapments, feces gets stuck because of the changing in size
- dorsal right (biggest part)
- sternal flexure
- pelvic flexure
- dorsal
- ventral left
- cecum
- ventral right
- dorsal right (can auscultate)
- Diaphragmatic flexure
- sternal flexure
what are the blue arrows pointing to
site where there is often constriction/impaction
descending colon
why can’t you do abdominal palpations in large animal
Muscles are very strong (thick layer)
Right dorsal quadrant is dominated by
sounds from the ___________
cecum
The technical term for a gut sound is
borborygmus
Abdominal auscultation quadrants:
what organs are you auscultating in the RIGHT DORSAL quadrant
Caecum (Base)
Mixing movements
Abdominal auscultation quadrants:
what organs are you auscultating in the LEFT DORSAL quadrant
Small intestine
(jejunum)
Descending colon
Abdominal auscultation quadrants:
what organs are you auscultating in the LEFT VENTRAL quadrant
Left ventral colon
Left dorsal colon
Abdominal auscultation quadrants:
what organs are you auscultating in the RIGHT VENTRAL quadrant
Right ventral colon
Caecum (Body)
what is normal borborygmi rate
1-3/ minute
