Lecture 44/45: Porcine anatomy (sparks pt.2)

Question 1

what is the most relevant salivary gland in pigs

Answer 1

parotid salivary gland; VERY large with ventral pole covering other structures of the neck

Question 2

where do we do most SQ injections in pigs

Answer 2

Subcutaneous injections commonly made at
a site just caudal to ear, so awareness of
parotid gland proximity is necessary

Question 3

Answer 3

parotid salivary gland

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Five lymphatic centers in head and neck

List them

Answer 5

▪ Mandibular
▪ Parotid
▪ Retropharyngeal
▪ Superficial cervical
▪ Deep cervical

Question 6

which lymphatic center in the most relevant

Answer 6

Mandibular

Question 7

identify 31 and 33

Answer 7

Mandibular (33) Lymph Nodes
Accessory Mandibular (31) Lymph Nodes

Question 8

list the locations of the head lymphatics

Answer 8

▪ Near caudoventral border of mandible

▪ Deep to parotid salivary gland

▪ Rostroventral to mandibular salivary gland
(yellow *)

▪ Ventral to linguofacial vein

Question 9

Two discrete patches of lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx (covered by mucosa)

Answer 9

Tonsils of the soft palate

Question 10

Site of colonization of important swine and zoonotic bacterial pathogens

Sometimes collected at necropsy and used for virus isolation

Answer 10

Tonsils of the soft palate

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Answer 12

Tonsils of the soft palate

Question 13

are pigs obligate nose breathers

Answer 13

yes, Like horses, pigs are obligate nasal breathers

Question 14

Most important feature of the larynx in the pig

Answer 14

The obtuse angle it forms with the trachea

▪ This, along with the presence of the laryngeal ventricles, may be challenging when placing a tracheal tube

Question 15

Deep______ separate individual lung lobes

Answer 15

fissures

Question 16

T/F Pig lungs are very similar to lungs of large
ruminant and lobulations are externally visible

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what are the lung lobules seperated by in the pig

Answer 17

Complete separation of lobules by
connective tissue

Question 18

T/F Collateral ventilation between lobules
is less likely in pigs (and bovids)

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Thickening of these partitions in the lung due to respiratory infections can lead to ______

Answer 19

respiratory distress

Question 20

list the parts of the lungs in a pig

Answer 20

Question 21

Is the right cranial lung lobe in a pig divided? what is it supplied by?

Answer 21

no, Supplied by tracheal bronchus

Question 22

Answer 22

Question 23

How does the lungs of a ruminant vs. pig. horse compared

Answer 23

Question 24

what are the 3 relevant features of the porcine digestive system we need to know

Answer 24

 Stomach
 Ascending colon
 Accessory digestive organs

Question 24

what is the diet of a pig (omnivore, carnivore, herbivore)

Answer 24

Pigs are omnivores and therefore have different types of teeth (heterodonts) and a digestive tract that processes a variety of foods

Question 25

T/F the pig hindgut is designed for fermentation

Answer 25

true; but not nearly as efficient as the horse

Question 26

T/F Accessory digestive digestive organs (liver, spleen, pancreas) are not remarkably different anatomically

Answer 26

true; although are important for research

Question 27

what kind of stomach do pigs have

Answer 27

Monogastric, composite Mostly glandular mucosa, with a small non-glandular region near the cardia

Question 28

what is the most distinguishing feature of a pigs stomach

Answer 28

fundic diverticulum

Question 29

what are the red arrows pointing to

Answer 29

fundic diverticulum

Question 30

Although we do not fully understand the purpose of the fundic diverticulum, list some theories

Answer 30

▪ May function as a storage area for food or gas ▪ Could play a role in gastric motility or mixing of stomach content

Question 31

Do pigs have a torus pyloricus

Answer 31

Pigs, like cattle, have a torus pyloricus (8) which enhances the pyloric sphincter

Question 32

identify 7 and 8

Answer 32

torus pyloricus (8) pyloric sphincter (7)

Question 33

Large variation among species, mainly ______ and ______

Answer 33

cecum and ascending colon

Question 34

which letter corresponds with the pig

Answer 34

B

Question 35

identify the locations of the following in terms relative to root of the mesentery (ROM) 1. cecum/ ascending colon origin 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon

Answer 35

▪ Cecum and origin of ascending colon are to the right of the ROM. ▪ Transverse colon passes from right to left cranial to the ROM. ▪ Descending colon is to the left of the ROM

Question 36

Ileum opens at junction between cecum and AC through an enlarged________ that is directed toward the cecum

Answer 36

ileal papilla

Question 37

How is the colon of a pig similar to a ruminant

Answer 37

▪ Shape of cecum, but pig has sacculations ▪ Spiral colon with centripetal and centrifugal gyri

Question 38

How is the cecum of a pig different

Answer 38

pig has sacculations

Question 39

What is not present in a pig's spiral colon

Answer 39

No proximal and distal loops in the pig

Question 40

what is the shape of the spiral colon in a pig compared to a ruminant

Answer 40

-Spiral colon is conical (corkscrew) in the pig -flattened (disc-shaped) in the ruminant

Question 41

how is the porcine colon similar to a horse colon

Answer 41

▪ Bands (teniae coli) and sacculations (haustra) ▪ Limited to cecum and centripetal gyri

Question 42

How many lobes are there on the pig liver

Answer 42

Six distinct lobes, same as those observed in the dog

Question 43

do pigs have a papillary proccess on their liver

Answer 43

There is NOT a papillary process of the caudate lobe in the ruminant

Question 44

Use the ___________as your reference to find the right medial and quadrate lobes

Answer 44

gallbladder (pigs have one!)

Question 45

Falciform ligament extends between which two liver lobes

Answer 45

between quadrate and left medial lobes

Question 46

T/F the pig has a drastically different spleen and pancreas

Answer 46

False; No remarkable anatomical differences in comparison to other species studied

Question 47

what are the 3 relevant structures of the porcine urogenital system

Answer 47

 Kidneys  Male reproductive organs  Female reproductive organs

Question 48

How would you describe the shape/position of the porcine kidneys

Answer 48

-Smooth, elongate, somewhat flattened -Unique symmetrical position, where both are at the same level

Question 49

T/F Right kidney is not in contact with the liver as in other species

Answer 49

true

Question 50

identify A-E

Answer 50

Renal pelvis (A) major calices, B Minor calices (C) renal papillae (D) Renal pyramids (E)

Question 51

Identify the part of the kidney: Comprised of a central cavity with two recesses (major calices, B) directed toward the pole

Answer 51

Renal pelvis

Question 52

Identify the part of the kidney: Multiple (~12), collect urine from the renal papillae (D) and direct into the major calices

Answer 52

Minor calices

Question 53

Identify the part of the kidney: Distinct, but some fusion during development may result in size inequality

Answer 53

Renal pyramids

Question 54

Identify parts of the male (boar) repro system

Answer 54

 Testis  Penis and prepuce  Accessory sex glands

Question 55

Where are the testes located in a boar

Answer 55

Located caudodorsally at the perineal region, producing a prominent landmark vemtral to the anus

Question 56

Tail of epididymus is (dorsally/ventrally) located

Answer 56

DORSALLY

Question 57

what age do we typically castrate male piglets

Answer 57

at ~2-4 days old ▪ Open and closed methods are used

Question 58

identify 2 and 3

Answer 58

2, left testis 3, tail of epididymis

Question 59

How would you describe the Boar penis

Answer 59

Fibroelastic with sigmoid flexure

Question 60

Answer 60

Question 61

Answer 61

Question 62

identify 9,14,17

Answer 62

9, retractor penis 14, bulbospongiosus 17, right and left crura, cut

Question 63

identify 4 and 6

Answer 63

Corpus cavernosum (4) Corpus spongiosum (6)

Question 64

what shape is the free part of the boar penis

Answer 64

Corkscrew spiral free part during erection

Question 65

what does extension of the penis cause in the boar

Answer 65

causes tension in fibroelastic tissues, resulting in twisting of distal end

Question 66

why is the free end of the boar penis a corkscrew shape

Answer 66

Matched to patterns of pads inside sow cervix Locking of penis into cervical pads creates pressure, necessary to induce ejaculation reflex in the boar

Question 67

what is unique to the boar when discussing his male repro system

Answer 67

preputial diverticulum

Question 68

Pouch containing foul-smelling fluid consisting of cell debris soaked in urine

Answer 68

preputial diverticulum

Question 69

when does the preputial diverticulum empty

Answer 69

prior to copulation ▪ Fluid contains a pheromone that encourages sow to assume the stance

Question 70

identify #5

Answer 70

preputial diverticulum

Question 71

If the preputial diverticulum is super full, what may it be mistaken as

Answer 71

umbilical hernia

Question 72

can we drain the preputial diverticulum

Answer 72

 Can be opened and drained via dorsolateral approach  Sometimes removed in boars used for AI to reduce contamination of semen

Question 73

what might happen in the preputial diverticulum involving the penis

Answer 73

Tip of the penis occasionally becomes trapped, but easily removed

Question 74

Answer 74

Question 75

which accessory sex gland IS NOT present in a pig

Answer 75

Ampulla is absent in boars

Question 76

which 2 accessory glands are very large in a pig

Answer 76

Very large vesicular and bulbourethral glands ***Size of glands is related to the large volume of ejaculate (at least 200 mL)

Question 77

Caudal ends of bulbourethral glands can be rectally palpated – why relevant?

Answer 77

-sexual maturity -cath -breeding soundness

Question 78

Answer 78

Question 79

Sex glands ______ in castrated males (barrow)

Answer 79

atrophy

Question 80

What might be indicated if significant bulbourethral glands are palpated in a barrow?

Answer 80

incomplete or late castration (cryptorchid)

Question 81

Answer 81

just know

Question 82

what is the relevant parts of the female repro system

Answer 82

 Ovaries  Uterus  Mammae

Question 83

what is the location of the ovaries in a sow? what is unique about her follicles?

Answer 83

 Ventrolateral to pelvic inlet  Prominent folicles

Question 84

Answer 84

Prominent folicles on a sow's ovary

Question 85

what type of uterus does a sow have

Answer 85

Bicornuate with one cervix, a body, and two uterine horns

Question 86

what is unique about the sow's cervix

Answer 86

Long cervix with interdigitating mucosal prominences (cervical pads) ▪ Spaces between pads create a spiral channel

Question 87

Describe the uterine horns in a sow? what may they get mistaken for?

Answer 87

Short body, long uterine horns ▪ Intestiform horns potentially mistaken for jejunal loops

Question 88

There is a small __________________________ associated with the opening of the urethra into the vestibule

Answer 88

suburethral diverticulum (6)

Question 89

what might the suburethral diverticulum in a sow interfere with

Answer 89

May interfere with catheterization of the bladder

Question 90

identify #6

Answer 90

suburethral diverticulum (6)

Question 91

How long does Porcine copulation(sex) last

Answer 91

Can last up to 30 minutes I dont know why we need to know this

Question 92

During copulation (sex) the weight of the boar can cause undue stress to female hindquarters why is this important to mention

Answer 92

Potential for separation of the (unfused) tuber ischii, especially in young females – very painful