exam 2: thorax, heart, respiratory Flashcards by kate terrill

what rib is opposite to the olecranon in the
standing animal

rib #7

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what part of the diaphragm attaches to the
cartilages of ribs

Costal parts ( C )

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Part of the diaphragm that is the dorsal surface of xiphoid cartilage

Sternal part (S)

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what is the name of the Lumbar parts (L) of the diaphragm

Right & Left crura – lumbar vertebrae & ventral
longitudinal ligament

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what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that is between the two crura

Aortic hiatus

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what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that perforates the right crus near its junction with the
central tendon

Esophageal hiatus

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what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that courses through central tendon toward the right side

Caval foramen

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Commonly the caudal mediastinum is_____________
in the horse

fenestrated (little holes)

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what do the yellow/red/blue arrows represent

yellow= pleural cavity
blue= parietal pleura
red+ mediastinum

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Cranial extent of the pleural cavity.

Extends cranial to first rib, is larger on the right side

Cupula pleural

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what is the capacity of a horses lung

55 liters capacity

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If there is a change in pressure in the thorax (specifically the mediastinum) what may happen

may cause the mediastinum to rupture– pneumothorax

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what are the parts of the parietal pleura

Mediastinal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Costal pleura

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what are the parts of the mediastinal pleura

cranial
middle/pericardic
caudal (very delicate)

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T/F Right and left lungs nearly equal in size

true

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No evidence of external lobation except ______________ of the (right or left) lung

accessory lobe of the right lung

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list the lobes of the Right lung

Cranial, caudal, and accessory lobes

**there is no obvious division between cranial and caudal lobe

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what is the name of this space

Cardiac notch

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wedge-shaped region in the middle of each
lung where the main structures of the lung enter and exit, like bronchi, Pulmonary arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic

pulmonary hilum/hilus

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what makes up the pulmonary hilum/hilus

bronchi, Pulmonary arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic

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identify the space

Impression of caudal vena cava

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List the lobes of the left lobe

Cranial and caudal lobes

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where is the cardiac notch located on the left lung

3rd 4th 5th intercostal spaces

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which lung lobe has a larger cardiac notch

left lobe

what is the main area to auscultate the heart in a equine patient

Left 3,4,5th IC space because we have that large cardiac notch in the left lung lobe

what is the red box outlining

cardiac notch on left lung

label the yellow outline

Hilus/hilum

how is the equine trachea different from a dog

Tracheal muscles (smooth mm.) are attached in the internal walls of the trachea-- dogs are external

T/F equine trachea is a incomplete system

true

location of the carina

at level of T4 and 5

what is the order of lung structures (bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles etc.)

1. Primary bronchus-Main bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus -Lobar bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus-Segmental bronchus 4. Subsegmental bronchus 5. * Bronchioles

how many bronchus are on the Right? Left?

right: 3 left: 2

Basal border of the lung – Horse List the borders

◼ Dorsal region of the 16th rib ◼ Middle of the 11th rib ◼ Costochondral junction of the 6th rib

what is the name of the space caudal to the basal border of the lungs

Costodiaphragmatic recess

what rib is the Pleural reflection located

8th rib

Basal border of the lungs separated from the line of __________________ by approximately 5 cm dorsally and ventrally, 15 cm in the middle

pleural reflection

what are the borders we follow to Auscultate the lungs of a Horse

Caudal angle of the scapula--follow the spine--Dorsal end of the 16th rib--down to the point of the elbow

how much does a horse heart weigh

Around 0.7% of the horse weigh (7 lb heart for a 1000 lb horse)

average pulse in horse

28–45 beats per minute (bpm) in a mature horse

at maximum exertion, what heart rate can a equine heart reach

can reach more than 250 bpm during maximum exertion

what was significant about secretariats and Phar laps heart

Phar Lap heart: 6.35 Kg (14 pound) Secretariat's heart: 10 kg (22 pounds)

Auricular face (left) OR Atrial face (right)

Auricular face (left)

Auricular face (left) Atrial face (right)

Atrial face (right)

T/F Right coronary artery is larger in a horse compared to a dog

true

The Circumflex br. in the horse anastamose and gives great blood supply to which side

left

The Right coronary artery provides the ____________br.

Subsinuosal interventricular br

Coronary circulation in the horse List the vessels on the Left (auricular face)

◼ Left coronary artery (2) --Paraconal interventricular br.(2’) --Circumflex br.(2”) ◼ Great cardiac v. ◼ Coronary sinus

Coronary circulation in the horse List the vessels on the right side of the heart

◼ Right coronary artery(2) ---Circumflex br. (2) ◼ Subsinuosal interventricular br. (2’) ◼ Coronary sinus ◼ Middle cardiac v

where is the Pulmonary valve located

Left side, 3rd or 4th IC space, craniodorsal to the olecranon

where is the aortic valve located

Left side, 4th IC, ventral to the shoulder joint

where is the Left AV valve (mitral) located

Left side, 5th IC space, caudodorsal to the olecranon

where is the right AV valve (tricuspid) located

Right side, 4th IC space, caudodorsal to the olecranon

How is the branching of the aortic arch in a horse different from a dog

- no subclavian a. off of the aorta

what is the name of the trunk off of the brachiocephalic trunk that is unique to horses

Bicarotid trunk (located close to thoracic inlet)

Costocervical trunk provides branches towards the thoracic limb and first __ intercostal arteries

Deep cervical a.: From ________ trunk on the right side From _________ on the left side

costocervical trunk subclavian a.

what does the Deep cervical a. supply

At level of T1 courses toward the head to supply cervical structures and musculature in the caudal neck region

name the artery/vein

Deep cervical a & V.

what artery is very close to the nuchal ligament and is necessary to watch out for when giving IM injections to foals

Deep cervical a

identify the arteries

which artery courses cranially through transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

◼ Vertebral a.

what does the Vertebral a. give rise to

spinal brs. and muscular brs

which two foramen does the Vertebral a. travel through

Courses through the alar foramen and lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas and enters the vertebral canal

Right and left vertebral aa. form ________

m basilar a. (Horse)

what does the vertebral a. supply

cervical vertebrae, spinal nerves and cord, brain

label the artery/vein

Vertebral a & V.

what does the superfical cervical a. supply

Supplies structures in the craniolateral shoulder region (like pectoral and sternocephalicus)

Internal thoracic a. divides into what 2 arteries

❑ Ventral intercostal aa. ❑ Cranial epigastric a.

what does the Ventral intercostal aa. supply

Supply ventral part of the thoracic wall

what does the Cranial epigastric a. supply

Supplies the ventral abdominal wall

what does this artery supply

thoracic limb

Bronchoesophageal a. splits into what 2 branches

◼ Bronchial br. ◼ Esophageal br

Dorsal intercostal aa. starts to supply at the ___ IC

5th

how do the veins in a horse different from a dog

Bijugular trunk --short, thick vein

**need to know for exam if there was an arrow in a certain spot, what vein would get hit

are these structures SNS or PSNS

SNS

are these structures SNS or PSNS

PSNS

1. Dorsal intercostal artery 2. Bronchoesophageal vessels 3. Vasa vasorum "vessels to the vessels". Small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins are known as vasa vasorum.

need to find answer

R. azygos v.