exam 2: thorax, heart, respiratory Flashcards
what rib is opposite to the olecranon in the
standing animal
rib #7
what part of the diaphragm attaches to the
cartilages of ribs
Costal parts ( C )
Part of the diaphragm that is the dorsal surface of xiphoid cartilage
Sternal part (S)
what is the name of the Lumbar parts (L) of the diaphragm
Right & Left crura – lumbar vertebrae & ventral
longitudinal ligament
what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that is between the two crura
Aortic hiatus
what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that perforates the right crus near its junction with the
central tendon
Esophageal hiatus
what is the name of the opening in the diaphragm that courses through central tendon toward the right side
Caval foramen
Commonly the caudal mediastinum is_____________
in the horse
fenestrated (little holes)
what do the yellow/red/blue arrows represent
yellow= pleural cavity
blue= parietal pleura
red+ mediastinum
Cranial extent of the pleural cavity.
Extends cranial to first rib, is larger on the right side
Cupula pleural
what is the capacity of a horses lung
55 liters capacity
If there is a change in pressure in the thorax (specifically the mediastinum) what may happen
may cause the mediastinum to rupture– pneumothorax
what are the parts of the parietal pleura
Mediastinal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Costal pleura
what are the parts of the mediastinal pleura
cranial
middle/pericardic
caudal (very delicate)
T/F Right and left lungs nearly equal in size
true
No evidence of external lobation except ______________ of the (right or left) lung
accessory lobe of the right lung
list the lobes of the Right lung
Cranial, caudal, and accessory lobes
**there is no obvious division between cranial and caudal lobe
what is the name of this space
Cardiac notch
wedge-shaped region in the middle of each
lung where the main structures of the lung enter and exit, like bronchi, Pulmonary arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic
pulmonary hilum/hilus
what makes up the pulmonary hilum/hilus
bronchi, Pulmonary arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic
identify the space
Impression of caudal vena cava
List the lobes of the left lobe
Cranial and caudal lobes
where is the cardiac notch located on the left lung
3rd 4th 5th intercostal spaces
which lung lobe has a larger cardiac notch
left lobe
what is the main area to auscultate the heart in a equine patient
Left 3,4,5th IC space because we have that large cardiac notch in the left lung lobe
what is the red box outlining
cardiac notch on left lung
label the yellow outline
Hilus/hilum
how is the equine trachea different from a dog
Tracheal muscles (smooth mm.) are attached in the internal walls of the trachea– dogs are external
T/F equine trachea is a incomplete system
true
location of the carina
at level of T4 and 5
what is the order of lung structures (bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles etc.)
- Primary bronchus-Main bronchus
- Secondary bronchus -Lobar bronchus
- Tertiary bronchus-Segmental bronchus
- Subsegmental bronchus
- Bronchioles
how many bronchus are on the Right? Left?
right: 3
left: 2
Basal border of the lung – Horse
List the borders
◼ Dorsal region of the 16th rib
◼ Middle of the 11th rib
◼ Costochondral junction of the 6th rib
what is the name of the space caudal to the basal border of the lungs
Costodiaphragmatic recess
what rib is the Pleural reflection located
8th rib
Basal border of the lungs separated from the line of __________________ by approximately 5 cm dorsally and ventrally, 15 cm in the middle
pleural reflection
what are the borders we follow to Auscultate the lungs of a Horse
Caudal angle of the scapula–follow the spine–Dorsal end of the 16th rib–down to the point of the elbow
how much does a horse heart weigh
Around 0.7% of the horse weigh (7 lb heart for a 1000 lb horse)
average pulse in horse
28–45 beats per minute (bpm) in a mature horse
at maximum exertion, what heart rate can a equine heart reach
can reach more than 250 bpm during maximum exertion
what was significant about secretariats and Phar laps heart
Phar Lap heart: 6.35 Kg (14 pound)
Secretariat’s heart: 10 kg (22 pounds)
Auricular face (left) OR Atrial face (right)
Auricular face (left)
Auricular face (left) Atrial face (right)
Atrial face (right)
T/F Right coronary artery is larger in a horse compared to a dog
true
The Circumflex br. in the horse anastamose and gives great blood supply to which side
left
The Right coronary artery provides the ____________br.
Subsinuosal interventricular br
Coronary circulation in the horse
List the vessels on the Left (auricular face)
◼ Left coronary artery (2)
–Paraconal interventricular
br.(2’)
–Circumflex br.(2”)
◼ Great cardiac v.
◼ Coronary sinus
Coronary circulation in the horse
List the vessels on the right side of the heart
◼ Right coronary artery(2)
—Circumflex br. (2)
◼ Subsinuosal interventricular br. (2’)
◼ Coronary sinus
◼ Middle cardiac v
where is the Pulmonary valve located
Left side, 3rd or 4th IC space, craniodorsal to the olecranon
where is the aortic valve located
Left side, 4th IC, ventral to the shoulder joint
where is the Left AV valve (mitral) located
Left side, 5th IC space, caudodorsal to the olecranon
where is the right AV valve (tricuspid) located
Right side, 4th IC space, caudodorsal to the olecranon
How is the branching of the aortic arch in a horse different from a dog
- no subclavian a. off of the aorta
what is the name of the trunk off of the brachiocephalic trunk that is unique to horses
Bicarotid trunk (located close to thoracic inlet)
Costocervical trunk provides branches towards the thoracic limb and first __ intercostal arteries
4
Deep cervical a.:
From ________ trunk on the right side
From _________ on the left side
costocervical trunk
subclavian a.
what does the Deep cervical a. supply
At level of T1 courses toward the head to supply cervical structures and musculature in the caudal neck region
name the artery/vein
Deep cervical a & V.
what artery is very close to the nuchal ligament and is necessary to watch out for when giving IM injections to foals
Deep cervical a
identify the arteries
which artery courses cranially through
transverse foramina of the
cervical vertebrae
◼ Vertebral a.
what does the Vertebral a. give rise to
spinal brs. and muscular brs
which two foramen does the Vertebral a. travel through
Courses through the alar foramen and lateral
vertebral foramen of the atlas and enters the
vertebral canal
Right and left vertebral aa. form ________
m basilar a. (Horse)
what does the vertebral a. supply
cervical vertebrae, spinal nerves and cord, brain
label the artery/vein
Vertebral a & V.
what does the superfical cervical a. supply
Supplies structures in the craniolateral
shoulder region (like pectoral and sternocephalicus)
Internal thoracic a. divides into what 2 arteries
❑ Ventral intercostal aa.
❑ Cranial epigastric a.
what does the Ventral intercostal aa. supply
Supply ventral part of the thoracic wall
what does the Cranial epigastric a. supply
Supplies the ventral abdominal wall
what does this artery supply
thoracic limb
Bronchoesophageal a. splits into what 2 branches
◼ Bronchial br.
◼ Esophageal br
Dorsal intercostal aa. starts to supply at the ___ IC
5th
how do the veins in a horse different from a dog
Bijugular trunk –short, thick vein
**need to know for exam if there was an arrow in a certain spot, what vein would get hit
are these structures SNS or PSNS
SNS
are these structures SNS or PSNS
PSNS
- Dorsal intercostal artery
- Bronchoesophageal vessels
- Vasa vasorum “vessels to the vessels”. Small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries and veins are known as vasa vasorum.
need to find answer
need to find answer
R. azygos v.
