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HUBS192 > lecture 38 > Flashcards

lecture 38 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of menarche?

A

the onset of menstrual cycle

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2
Q

what is the definition of menopause?

A

the cessation of menstrual cycles

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3
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus directly regulates the secretion of?

A

LH and FSH

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4
Q

During oogenesis, at what point of Meiosis II is the secondary oocyte suspended and what event cause the cell cycle to resume?

A

metaphase II; sperm penetration / fertilisation

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5
Q

what is coitus?

A

sexual intercourse / copulation

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6
Q

what happens during coitus?

A

erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)

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6
Q

what happens during coitus?

A

erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)

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7
Q

stages of the male sexual act?

A

erection
ejaculation
resolution

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8
Q

what are the two phases of ejaculation?

A

emission

expulsion

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9
Q

what nervous system regulates an erection?

A

parasympathetic

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10
Q

what nervous system regulates ejaculation?

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

why does mucus secrete into the urethra?

A

clear out any remaining urine in the urethra

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12
Q

what is emission?

A

seminal fluid and spermatozoa are transported into prostatic urethra

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13
Q

what is resolution phase?

A

when the penis becomes flaccid

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14
Q

what are the three parts of the penis?

A

root
body
glands

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15
Q

what are/is the corpus cavernous?

A

the two main erectile tissue on the dorsal aspect of the penis

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16
Q

what is the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

muscle surrounding the bulb of the penis that is involved in erections

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17
Q

what are the erectile tissues surrounded by?

A

different layers of fascia

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the lacunae in the erectile tissue?

A

to fill up with blood during an erection

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19
Q

what fascia surrounds the two corpus cavernosa?

A

tunica albuginea

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20
Q

what fascia surrounds the corpus songiosum?

A

tunica albugenia

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21
Q

what surrounds the entirety of the erectile tissues?

A

the deep (buck’s) fascia

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22
Q

what surrounds the deep (buck’s) fascia?

A

superficial fascia

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23
Q

what helps to maintain an erection?

A

the blood in the lacunae expands the erectile tissue which blocks the veins against the fascia

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24
Q

what is the only part of the clitoris you can see externally?

A

the glans of the clitoris

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25
Q

the structure of the clitoris and the penis share what?

A

developmental origins

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26
Q

how is the clitoris similar to the penis?

A

tissues of clitoris are erectile

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27
Q

blood supply to the penis?

A

abdominal aorta -> common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery -> internal pudendal artery

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28
Q

what does the internal pudendal artery feed?

A

perineum and external genitalia

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29
Q

branches to the penis of the internal pudendal artery include?

A

artery to bulb
urethral artery
dorsal artery
deep (cavernosal) artery

30
Q

what supplies the blood for an erection?

A

the deep artery

31
Q

what type of nerves is the penis innervated by?

A

sensory and motor nerves

32
Q

what are sensory fibres in the penis responsive to?

A

touch
pressure
temperature

33
Q

what does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia including penis

34
Q

autonomic innervation to penis is derived from?

A

pelvic plexus

35
Q

what happens when the PSNS stimulates an erection?

A

production of nitric oxide (vasodilator) by deep arteries which causes dilation and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa

36
Q

what happens during SNS activation of the penis?

A

ejaculation:

smooth muscle contracts in the reproductive ducts and accessory glands

37
Q

what happens during somatic motor activation during ejaculation?

A

stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis

38
Q

what is an erection a response of?

A

stimulation of genital region, particularly glans

visual, mental and other stimuli

39
Q

stimulation of the bulbourethral gland during erection allows?

A

secretion of bulbourethral fluid which cleans any residual urine in the urethra

40
Q

emission is what kind of response?

A

sympathetic

41
Q

what happens during emission?

A

smooth muscle of ductus deferens contract to move sperm into ampulla (peristaltic)
smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into urethra

42
Q

what activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes during expulsion?

A

semen in urethra

43
Q

what happens during expulsion?

A

urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract which causes semen to be ejected

44
Q

what happens during resolution period?

A

blood flow to penis is reduced and penis becomes flaccid

45
Q

what is detumescent?

A

flaccid penis

46
Q

what is the first stage of the female sexual response?

A

engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation

47
Q

what is the response of the vaginal wall during sex?

A

lubricating fluid is secreted through vaginal wall and secretion of mucus into vestibule

48
Q

what happens to vagina and uterus in response to sex?

A

increase in width and length of vagina, uterus elevates upward

49
Q

what is the response of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles during sex?

A

rhythmic contractions

50
Q

what is insemination?

A

semen released into upper part of vagina

51
Q

where does sperm travel to for fertilisation?

A

the ampulla in the uterine tube

52
Q

what happens when sperm reaches the ampulla?

A

sperm fuses with secondary oocyte which then goes onto complete meiosis II and form a zygote

53
Q

what happens to the zygote after formation?

A

initiates cleavage and travels toward the uterus for implantation

54
Q

what is contraception?

A

any method used to prevent pregnancy

55
Q

what are the two types of contraception methods?

A

natural

artificial

56
Q

what are natural methods of contraception?

A

rhythm method

withdrawal method

57
Q

what is the rhythm method?

A

where the female avoids sex in the days leading up to and after ovulation.

58
Q

what are natural methods?

A

rely on timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus. which is why it has a high failure rate

59
Q

what is lactational infertility?

A

when a female is breastfeeding they usually do not have periods. which means it delays resumption of normal ovarian menstrual cycles

60
Q

what is the cap barrier method of contraception?

A

a device that is inserted before sex that acts as a barrier

61
Q

what do caps and diaphragms have to be used in conjunction with?

A

spermicidal foams / jellies / creams / sponges

62
Q

what are the benefits of condoms?

A

cheap
readily available
easy to use
reduce risk of STIs

63
Q

what is the combined oral contraceptive pills?

A

contain oestrogen and progestin which suppress ovulation and affect mucus produced by cervix which prevents sperm penetration

64
Q

what is the profession only contraception?

A

progesterone-only pill
subnormal Implant / injectable pogestins
intrauterine devices

65
Q

what does the progesterone only pill do?

A

low does of progestin which effects on cervical mucus

66
Q

what is the subdermal implant?

A

long acting and acts primarily by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation

67
Q

what are the intrauterine devices?

A

Copper IUD

hormonal IUD

68
Q

what does the hormonal IUD do?

A

contains progesterone which affects cervical mucus and reducing sperm transport. they may also prevent ovulation

69
Q

what does the copper IUD do?

A

cause low grade inflammation which reduces sperm transport. It is also toxic to oocyte and zygotes

70
Q

what is tubal ligation?

A

cut uterine tubes

71
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

cut vas deferens

72
Q

what is the technical term for not being able to achieve an erection?

A

erectile dysfunction

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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