lecture 38 Flashcards
what is the definition of menarche?
the onset of menstrual cycle
what is the definition of menopause?
the cessation of menstrual cycles
GnRH from the hypothalamus directly regulates the secretion of?
LH and FSH
During oogenesis, at what point of Meiosis II is the secondary oocyte suspended and what event cause the cell cycle to resume?
metaphase II; sperm penetration / fertilisation
what is coitus?
sexual intercourse / copulation
what happens during coitus?
erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)
what happens during coitus?
erect penis introduced into vagina (intromission). semen released into upper part of vagina (insemination) so that sperm can travel to appropriate site for fertilization (ampulla of uterine tube)
stages of the male sexual act?
erection
ejaculation
resolution
what are the two phases of ejaculation?
emission
expulsion
what nervous system regulates an erection?
parasympathetic
what nervous system regulates ejaculation?
parasympathetic
why does mucus secrete into the urethra?
clear out any remaining urine in the urethra
what is emission?
seminal fluid and spermatozoa are transported into prostatic urethra
what is resolution phase?
when the penis becomes flaccid
what are the three parts of the penis?
root
body
glands
what are/is the corpus cavernous?
the two main erectile tissue on the dorsal aspect of the penis
what is the bulbospongiosus muscle?
muscle surrounding the bulb of the penis that is involved in erections
what are the erectile tissues surrounded by?
different layers of fascia
what is the purpose of the lacunae in the erectile tissue?
to fill up with blood during an erection
what fascia surrounds the two corpus cavernosa?
tunica albuginea
what fascia surrounds the corpus songiosum?
tunica albugenia
what surrounds the entirety of the erectile tissues?
the deep (buck’s) fascia
what surrounds the deep (buck’s) fascia?
superficial fascia
what helps to maintain an erection?
the blood in the lacunae expands the erectile tissue which blocks the veins against the fascia
what is the only part of the clitoris you can see externally?
the glans of the clitoris
the structure of the clitoris and the penis share what?
developmental origins
how is the clitoris similar to the penis?
tissues of clitoris are erectile
blood supply to the penis?
abdominal aorta -> common iliac artery -> internal iliac artery -> internal pudendal artery
what does the internal pudendal artery feed?
perineum and external genitalia
branches to the penis of the internal pudendal artery include?
artery to bulb
urethral artery
dorsal artery
deep (cavernosal) artery
what supplies the blood for an erection?
the deep artery
what type of nerves is the penis innervated by?
sensory and motor nerves
what are sensory fibres in the penis responsive to?
touch
pressure
temperature
what does the pudendal nerve supply?
sensory and somatic motor innervation to perineum and external genitalia including penis
autonomic innervation to penis is derived from?
pelvic plexus
what happens when the PSNS stimulates an erection?
production of nitric oxide (vasodilator) by deep arteries which causes dilation and fill lacunae in corpora cavernosa
what happens during SNS activation of the penis?
ejaculation:
smooth muscle contracts in the reproductive ducts and accessory glands
what happens during somatic motor activation during ejaculation?
stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles around bulb of penis
what is an erection a response of?
stimulation of genital region, particularly glans
visual, mental and other stimuli
stimulation of the bulbourethral gland during erection allows?
secretion of bulbourethral fluid which cleans any residual urine in the urethra
emission is what kind of response?
sympathetic
what happens during emission?
smooth muscle of ductus deferens contract to move sperm into ampulla (peristaltic)
smooth muscle of ampulla, seminal vesicles and prostate gland contract moving sperm and seminal fluid into urethra
what activates somatic and sympathetic reflexes during expulsion?
semen in urethra
what happens during expulsion?
urethral smooth muscles and pelvic floor muscles contract which causes semen to be ejected
what happens during resolution period?
blood flow to penis is reduced and penis becomes flaccid
what is detumescent?
flaccid penis
what is the first stage of the female sexual response?
engorgement of clitoris, labia and vagina in response to autonomic stimulation
what is the response of the vaginal wall during sex?
lubricating fluid is secreted through vaginal wall and secretion of mucus into vestibule
what happens to vagina and uterus in response to sex?
increase in width and length of vagina, uterus elevates upward
what is the response of vaginal, uterine and perineal muscles during sex?
rhythmic contractions
what is insemination?
semen released into upper part of vagina
where does sperm travel to for fertilisation?
the ampulla in the uterine tube
what happens when sperm reaches the ampulla?
sperm fuses with secondary oocyte which then goes onto complete meiosis II and form a zygote
what happens to the zygote after formation?
initiates cleavage and travels toward the uterus for implantation
what is contraception?
any method used to prevent pregnancy
what are the two types of contraception methods?
natural
artificial
what are natural methods of contraception?
rhythm method
withdrawal method
what is the rhythm method?
where the female avoids sex in the days leading up to and after ovulation.
what are natural methods?
rely on timing of coitus or behaviour during coitus. which is why it has a high failure rate
what is lactational infertility?
when a female is breastfeeding they usually do not have periods. which means it delays resumption of normal ovarian menstrual cycles
what is the cap barrier method of contraception?
a device that is inserted before sex that acts as a barrier
what do caps and diaphragms have to be used in conjunction with?
spermicidal foams / jellies / creams / sponges
what are the benefits of condoms?
cheap
readily available
easy to use
reduce risk of STIs
what is the combined oral contraceptive pills?
contain oestrogen and progestin which suppress ovulation and affect mucus produced by cervix which prevents sperm penetration
what is the profession only contraception?
progesterone-only pill
subnormal Implant / injectable pogestins
intrauterine devices
what does the progesterone only pill do?
low does of progestin which effects on cervical mucus
what is the subdermal implant?
long acting and acts primarily by disrupting follicular growth and ovulation
what are the intrauterine devices?
Copper IUD
hormonal IUD
what does the hormonal IUD do?
contains progesterone which affects cervical mucus and reducing sperm transport. they may also prevent ovulation
what does the copper IUD do?
cause low grade inflammation which reduces sperm transport. It is also toxic to oocyte and zygotes
what is tubal ligation?
cut uterine tubes
what is a vasectomy?
cut vas deferens
what is the technical term for not being able to achieve an erection?
erectile dysfunction
