lecture 31 Flashcards
Normal urine has how much water?
~1.5 L/Day
how much % water is normal urine?
95-98%
What is in normal urine?
water creatine urea, uric acid H+, NH3 Na+, K+ Drugs toxins
what is in pathologic urine?
glucose protein blood haemoglobin leucocytes bacteria
what is the condition when you have glucose in your urine?
glucosuria or diabetes
what is the condition when you have protein in your urine?
proteinuria, damage to filtration barrier
what is the condition when you have blood in your urine?
haematuria, UTI, damage to filtration barrier
How should normal urine look?
clear, light or dark amber
how should normal urine taste?
acidic (pH 5-6), not sweet
pH of urine is dependent on?
diet, vegetarians have a higher pH
how does pathological urine look?
golden, red, brown, blue
how does pathologic urine taste?
sweet; diabetes
How does pathologic urine smell?
like fruits; ketosis, diabetes, alcoholism
rotten; infection, tumour
what is tested in urine analysis?
blood specific gravity glucose protein pH
main function of the kidney?
blood filtration
other roles of the kidney?
gluconeogenesis metabolism regulate pH produce hormone (EPO) excrete drugs and toxins reabsorb nutrients ion and water homeostasis
What stimulates the release of EPO?
low oxygen levels detected by kidney
What is the role of EPO?
stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
What do chronic renal failure lead to?
Anaemia
low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin
what is metabolised in the kidney?
amino acids
K+ is in high concentration in which part of the cell?
ICF
K+ concentration is important for?
APs, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility, signalling
Kidney failure to process K+ is Called?
Hyperkalemia (death)
what is lidocaine?
local anaesthetic in a practice or hospital
What property does a drug or toxin need to have to be excreted by the kidneys?
it has to be hydrophilic
what is it called when you have a blood pH > 7.4?
alkalosis
what is it called when you have a blood pH of <7.4?
acidosis
how does vomiting change the blood pH?
it gets rid of all the gastric acid making it more alkaline
how does diarrhoea change blood pH?
loss of bicarbonate makes system more acidic
what is the main buffer of the blood?
bicarbonate
what is the role of bicarbonate?
neutralising non-volatile acids coming from metabolism, food and drink
how is bicarbonate concentration controlled?
bicarbonate is released from the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of bicarbonate or secretion of H+ ions
what are the basic processes of the kidney?
filtration
secretion
re-absorption
Filtration creates what in the blood?
a plasma-like filtrate of the blood
what is reabsorbed from the urine?
useful solutes from the filtrate
what is secreted by nephron?
additional wastes from blood to the filtrate
where does filtration take place?
glomerulus
where does bulk reabsorption take place?
proximal tubule
where does fine tuning occur?
in the distal tubule and collecting duct
glucose is only reabsorbed where?
in the proximal tubule
K+ is reabsorbed or secreted where?
different parts of the tubule
How is penicillin mostly excreted?
active secretion
the renal proximal tubule facilitates?
secretion of drugs and metabolites
