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HUBS192 > lecture 31 > Flashcards

lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal urine has how much water?

A

~1.5 L/Day

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2
Q

how much % water is normal urine?

A

95-98%

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3
Q

What is in normal urine?

A 
water
creatine 
urea, uric acid 
H+, NH3
Na+, K+ 
Drugs 
toxins
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4
Q

what is in pathologic urine?

A 
glucose 
protein 
blood
haemoglobin 
leucocytes 
bacteria
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5
Q

what is the condition when you have glucose in your urine?

A

glucosuria or diabetes

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6
Q

what is the condition when you have protein in your urine?

A

proteinuria, damage to filtration barrier

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7
Q

what is the condition when you have blood in your urine?

A

haematuria, UTI, damage to filtration barrier

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8
Q

How should normal urine look?

A

clear, light or dark amber

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9
Q

how should normal urine taste?

A

acidic (pH 5-6), not sweet

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10
Q

pH of urine is dependent on?

A

diet, vegetarians have a higher pH

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11
Q

how does pathological urine look?

A

golden, red, brown, blue

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12
Q

how does pathologic urine taste?

A

sweet; diabetes

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13
Q

How does pathologic urine smell?

A

like fruits; ketosis, diabetes, alcoholism

rotten; infection, tumour

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14
Q

what is tested in urine analysis?

A 
blood 
specific gravity 
glucose 
protein
pH
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15
Q

main function of the kidney?

A

blood filtration

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16
Q

other roles of the kidney?

A 
gluconeogenesis  
metabolism 
regulate pH 
produce hormone (EPO)
excrete drugs and toxins 
reabsorb nutrients
ion and water homeostasis
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17
Q

What stimulates the release of EPO?

A

low oxygen levels detected by kidney

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18
Q

What is the role of EPO?

A

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

19
Q

What do chronic renal failure lead to?

A

Anaemia

low levels of red blood cells/haemoglobin

20
Q

what is metabolised in the kidney?

A

amino acids

21
Q

K+ is in high concentration in which part of the cell?

A

ICF

22
Q

K+ concentration is important for?

A

APs, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility, signalling

23
Q

Kidney failure to process K+ is Called?

A

Hyperkalemia (death)

24
Q

what is lidocaine?

A

local anaesthetic in a practice or hospital

25
Q

What property does a drug or toxin need to have to be excreted by the kidneys?

A

it has to be hydrophilic

26
Q

what is it called when you have a blood pH > 7.4?

A

alkalosis

27
Q

what is it called when you have a blood pH of <7.4?

A

acidosis

28
Q

how does vomiting change the blood pH?

A

it gets rid of all the gastric acid making it more alkaline

29
Q

how does diarrhoea change blood pH?

A

loss of bicarbonate makes system more acidic

30
Q

what is the main buffer of the blood?

A

bicarbonate

31
Q

what is the role of bicarbonate?

A

neutralising non-volatile acids coming from metabolism, food and drink

32
Q

how is bicarbonate concentration controlled?

A

bicarbonate is released from the lungs (exhalation of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of bicarbonate or secretion of H+ ions

33
Q

what are the basic processes of the kidney?

A

filtration
secretion
re-absorption

34
Q

Filtration creates what in the blood?

A

a plasma-like filtrate of the blood

35
Q

what is reabsorbed from the urine?

A

useful solutes from the filtrate

36
Q

what is secreted by nephron?

A

additional wastes from blood to the filtrate

37
Q

where does filtration take place?

A

glomerulus

38
Q

where does bulk reabsorption take place?

A

proximal tubule

39
Q

where does fine tuning occur?

A

in the distal tubule and collecting duct

40
Q

glucose is only reabsorbed where?

A

in the proximal tubule

41
Q

K+ is reabsorbed or secreted where?

A

different parts of the tubule

42
Q

How is penicillin mostly excreted?

A

active secretion

43
Q

the renal proximal tubule facilitates?

A

secretion of drugs and metabolites

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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