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HUBS192 > lecture 24 > Flashcards

lecture 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the GI tract?

A

Obtain nutrients required for growth and energy needs

Replace fluid and salts

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2
Q

How do you lose fluid and salts?

A

Urine and faeces
sweating
Breathing

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3
Q

Where does ingestion occur?

A

At the mouth

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4
Q

Where does mechanical digestion mainly occur?

A

In the stomach

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion essential for?

A

Chemical digestion, it breaks it down into smaller parts for chemicals

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion essential for?

A

Absorption of nutrients

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7
Q

What is motility involved in?

A

mechanical and chemical digestion
mixing exposure to absorptive surfaces
mixing
storage propulsion

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8
Q

What regulates motility and secretion?

A

CNS/ENS and Hormones

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9
Q

Receptors in the wall of GI tract respond to?

A

Stretch when there’s food in the lumen

Change of composition

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10
Q

Effectors are made up of?

A

Smooth muscle and glands

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11
Q

Effectors stimulate?

A

Smooth muscle contraction

gland secretion

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12
Q

What type of activity does the CNS regulate?

A

Long distance activities

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13
Q

PSNS regulates what?

A

Stimulation of motility and secretion

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14
Q

SNS regulates what?

A

Inhibition of motility and secretion

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15
Q

CNS modulates activity of what?

A

Enteric nervous system

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16
Q

Submucosal plexus is a part of what nervous system?

A

ENS

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17
Q

Submucosal plexus regulates what?

A

Secretion

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18
Q

Myenteric plexus is a part of what nervous system and regulates what?

A

ENS and regulates motility

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19
Q

ENS is involved in what kind of reflexes?

A

Local reflexes such as peristalsis and segmentation

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20
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

GI tract

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21
Q

What is endocrine function?

A

release of hormones into the blood

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22
Q

What is paracrine function?

A

Control of hormones at a local level, so a small area of the GI tract

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23
Q

Critical hormones for hormonal regulation?

A

Gastrin
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CKK)

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24
Q

Functions of motility in the GI tract?

A

Movement at a controlled rate
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Mixing

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25
Q

How does mechanical digestion aid chemical digestion?

A

By breaking down the apple and increasing the surface area of the apple
Mixing the enzymes with food particles

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26
Q

What helps with GI motility?

A

Smooth muscle rings that contract without external input

27
Q

Frequency of contraction in stomach?

A

3 per minute

28
Q

frequency of contraction of duodenum?

A

12 per minute

29
Q

Frequency of contraction of ileum?

A

9 per minute

30
Q

Strength of contractions are controlled by?

A

nervous and hormonal input

31
Q

Migrating motor complex kicks in?

A

4hr after a meal and repeats every 2 hours until we eat again

32
Q

Stomach and colon aid with what feeding motility pattern?

A

Storage

33
Q

How do stomach and colon store things?

A

relaxation of smooth muscle allows volume to increase without change in pressure

34
Q

What aids with the propulsion pattern?

A

Oesophagus
stomach
small and large intestine

35
Q

Propulsion is involved with what form of digestion?

A

Peristalsis

36
Q

Stomach does what form of mixing?

A

retropulsion

37
Q

Small and large intestine do what form of mixing?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

38
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

movement of food through the GI tract through contraction of smooth muscle

39
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Occurs at a more local level to mix the food together

40
Q

Main purpose of chewing?

A

reduce food size

41
Q

Reducing food size helps with?

A

ingestion

42
Q

Chewing helps with taste how?

A

Mixing the food with saliva

43
Q

Swallowing initialed voluntary but proceeds?

A

Involuntarily or reflexly

44
Q

Gastric motility functions?

A

Storage
Mechanical digestion
mixing
controlled delivery to duodenum

45
Q

Storage and mechanical digestion mainly occur where?

A

Fundus and body of stomach

46
Q

Mechanical digestion and mixing occur where?

A

antrum

47
Q

What controls delivery to duodenum?

A

Pyloric sphincter

48
Q

Fasting gastric motility shrinks stomach to?

A

~50mL in volume

49
Q

Migrating motor complex patterns?

A

Occurs 4h after a meal and will continue until food is consumed
1h of inactivity followed by 50 minute of uncoordinated activity and 10 minutes of coordinated activity

50
Q

Function of gastric motility when fasting?

A

House keeping:

residual secretions and undigested material is pushed through GI tract

51
Q

Vagus nerves control what in the stomach?

A

Relaxation of the stomach and allows increase in stomach without large change in pressure

52
Q

Where is propulsion initiated?

A

On greater curvature and spreads to antrum

53
Q

When does propulsion occur?

A

first 60 minute following a meal

54
Q

Mixing and mechanical breakdown is a combination of?

A

Peristalsis and closure of pyloric sphincter

55
Q

Rate of gastric emptying matches?

A

Digestive capacity of intestine

56
Q

What regulates gastric emptying?

A

Feedback of duodenum

57
Q

Factors affecting gastric emptying?

A

Size of meal
composition of meal (fluid or solid)
High or low fat

58
Q

When fatty, hypertonic, acidic chyme is detected in duodenum the responses are?

A

Chemoreceptors and stretch receptors trigger enterogastric reflex
duodenal enteroendocrine cells secrete enterogastrones

59
Q

Enterogastric reflex responses?

A

Short reflex via enteric neurons

Long reflex via CNS centres

60
Q

Function of small intestine motility?

A

Mixing with secretions from pancreas, biliary system and intestine
controlled movement
exposure of products of digestion to absorptive surfaces

61
Q

Small intestine motility pattern between meals?

A

migrating motor complex

62
Q

Small intestine motility pattern after meal?

A

segmentation for mixing and limited peristalsis

63
Q

When is colon mass movement?

A

1-2 times a day following meals

64
Q

what drives faeces into rectum and initiates defecation?

A

Peristaltic wave of colon

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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