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HUBS192 > lecture 37 > Flashcards

lecture 37 Flashcards

1
Q

name the layers of the uterine wall from outermost to innermost. which layer is shed during menstruation?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium (shed)

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2
Q

which artery associated with the female reproductive tract branches directly off the abdominal aorta? which ligament does it run through?

A

ovarian artery, runs through the suspensory ligament

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3
Q

name the fingerlike projections on the infundibulum. what is their purpose?

A

fimbriae help guide the oocyte to the opening of the uterine tube

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4
Q

ovary is the site of what?

A

oogenesis

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5
Q

what is the most common site of fertilisation in humans?

A

ampulla

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6
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation and development of the oocyte from oogonia

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7
Q

what does oogenesis require?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

what is the cycle of ovulation?

A

1 ovulation every 28 days on average

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9
Q

where do oocytes develop?

A

ovarian follicles

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10
Q

when does oogenesis begin?

A

before birth, then it stops and begins again from puberty to menopause

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11
Q

when the Ovary is developed and released what collects it?

A

the fimbriae of the uterine tube for potential fertilisation

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12
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

a major endocrine organ

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13
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce during the ovarian cycle?

A

progesterone

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14
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if it is not fertilised?

A

it breaks down and forms a corpus albicans which eventually degrades

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15
Q

during mitosis the oogonium (stem cell forms)?

A

another oogonium and a primary oocyte

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16
Q

what is the primary oocyte, diploid or haploid?

A

diploid, 2n

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17
Q

the primary oocyte goes under DNA replication and forms what during meiosis I?

A

secondary oocyte (haploid) and a polar body

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18
Q

what happens to the polar body that is produced during meiosis I?

A

may or may not complete meiosis II

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19
Q

when is the secondary oocyte released?

A

during ovulation and specifically metaphase of meiosis II

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20
Q

why is there a formation of a polar body and the secondary oocyte in meiosis I?

A

because there is unequal cell division and majority of the cytoplasm goes to the secondary oocyte

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21
Q

population of oogonia increase by?

A

mitosis

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22
Q

when does mitosis stop?

A

before birth

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23
Q

oogonia differentiate to form?

A

primary oocytes

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24
Q

where does meiosis halt? and where does it begin again?

A

primary oocytes start meiosis and halt at prophase I. It begins again at puberty

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25
Q

at puberty females have how many oocytes?

A

~300 000

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26
Q

what regulates number of follicles recruited each ovarian cycle?

A

GnRh

27
Q

how many oocytes will complete development and ovulate?

A

only one

28
Q

when does meiosis Ii resume?

A

sperm penetrates plasma membrane of the ovum at fertilisation

29
Q

what happens if secondary oocyte isn’t fertilised?

A

will degenerate (atresia) and therefore never complete mitosis

30
Q

where does oocyte development occur?

A

within the developing follicle

31
Q

what are the cells of the follicles?

A

granulosa cells

theca cells

32
Q

what do granulosa cells produce?

A

estradiol

33
Q

during ovulation where are the oocyte and corona radiate released?

A

into the peritoneal cavity

34
Q

what hormones do the hypothalamus produce?

A

GnRh

gonadotrophin releasing hormone

35
Q

what hormones do the ant. pituitary produce?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone)

36
Q

what hormones are produced in the ovarian follicles?

A

estradiol

inhibin

37
Q

what hormones are produced in the corpus luteum?

A

inhibin

progesterone

38
Q

functions of GnRH?

A

release of FHS and LH

39
Q

Function of FSH?

A

stimulate growth of ovarian follicles

40
Q

function of LH?

A

surge of LH involved in ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

41
Q

function of estradiol?

A 
assist follicle growth with FHS
bone and muscle growth 
endometrial growth 
secondary sex characteristics 
feedback to ant. pituitary
42
Q

function of inhibin?

A

negative feedback to anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

43
Q

Function of progesterone?

A

negatively feeds back to suppress GnRh
endometrial maturation
maintains pregnant state

44
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

the regular cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus that prepare an oocyte for fertilisation and endometrium for embryo implantation

45
Q

two main phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase

luteal phase

46
Q

what are the phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

47
Q

menstrual cycles occur between?

A

menarche and menopause

48
Q

what is menarche?

A

first menstrual period and occurs at 12-13 years old

49
Q

what orchestrates menarche?

A

increase in sex steroid production by the gonads

50
Q

what is menopause?

A

cessation of menstruation

51
Q

when does menopause typically occur?

A

in early 50s

52
Q

describe menopause?

A

reduction of estradiol and progesterone due to absence of or lack of response by follicles. there is no longer anterior pituitary feedback

53
Q

what hormones are high due to menopause?

A

FSH/LH due to no anterior pituitary feedback

54
Q

why do FHS levels begin to decrease during follicular phase?

A

because growing follicles secrete estradiol which reduces FSH via negative feedback

55
Q

dominant follicle secretes large amounts of what?

A

estradiol

56
Q

high estradiol stimulates what?

A

a surge of LH (positive feedback)

57
Q

what happens when the dominant follicle ruptures?

A

ovulation occurs and oocyte enters peritoneal space/ collected into uterine tube

58
Q

ovulated follicle collapse and forms?

A

corpus luteum

59
Q

what does the ovulated follicle and corpus luteum secrete? and what does this cause?

A

progesterone
estradiole
inhibin
this causes decrease in FHS, LH and GnRH

60
Q

in which phase does the destruction of the endometrium take place?

A

menstrual phase

61
Q

what stimulates endometrial growth from days 6-14?

A

estradiol

62
Q

what does progesterone promote?

A

endometrial maturation

63
Q

what happens during endometrial maturation?

A

glands become secretory

spiral arterioles grow and coil

64
Q

what happens if fertilisation and implantation do not occur?

A

corpus luteum atrophies
progesterone levels fall
spiral arteries contract
menstrual phase begins again

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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