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HUBS192 > lecture 15 > Flashcards

lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the LRT?

A 
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli
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2
Q

Functions of LRT?

A

Conducts air to/from site of gas exchange
Completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
barrier between air and blood with large surface area

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3
Q

What is the the larynx a passage for?

A

Air only

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4
Q

What is the function of cartilage in the larynx?

A

protect and maintain open airway

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the epiglottis?

A

closing over the airway when swallowing

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6
Q

What is the larynx anterior to?

A

Oesophagus

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7
Q

What are the most important cartilages in the larynx?

A

Cricoid cartilages
Thyroid cartilages
Laryngeal Prominence (Adams apple)
epiglottis

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8
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Voicebox

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9
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A

true vocal folds

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10
Q

How are sound waves made?

A

passing air causes vibrations

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11
Q

Why do men have deeper voices?

A

Testosterone affects cartilage and muscle, making longer, thicker folds

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12
Q

what are vestibular folds?

A

false vocal cords

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13
Q

Where are the vestibular folds?

A

superior to the vocal folds

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14
Q

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

prevent foreign object entry to glottis

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15
Q

Where is the trachea?

A

anterior to oesophagus, between larynx and primary bronchi

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16
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

maintain a patent airway

clean, warm and humidify air

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17
Q

How does the trachea maintain a patent airway?

A

C-shaped cartilage rings connected by smooth muscle

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18
Q

What is the trachealis?

A

Smooth muscle which contracts when coughing and connects c-shaped cartilage

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19
Q

What and where is the mucociliary escalator?

A

In the trachea and it is there to remove debris to the pharynx

20
Q

How does the mucociliary escalator work?

A

mucus is produced by goblet cells which traps debris and cilia beats the mucus up towards the pharynx

21
Q

Why is the trachea C-shaped?

A

to prevent pushing into the oesophagus

22
Q

What muscle is important to eject food if it does get down the airway?

A

trachialis muscle

23
Q

What provides movement when coughing?

A

elastin fibres in mucosa and submucosa

24
Q

Which side of the lungs has 2 lobes?

A

the left because of the heart

25
Q

how many lobes do the right lungs have?

A

3 lobes right

26
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where bronchi and blood vessels enter lungs

27
Q

Where is the apex of the lung?

A

On the superior region of the lung

28
Q

What is the costal surface?

A

The outer surface against the ribs

29
Q

Where is the base of the lungs?

A

the inferior aspect that sits on the diaphragm

30
Q

What is apart of the bronchial tree?

A 
Trachea 
1 bronchi
2 bronchi (lobar)
3 bronchi (segmental)
Bronchioles 
terminal bronchioles
31
Q

What is the primary (1) bronchi lined with?

A

Respiratory epithelium

cartilage and smooth muscle rings

32
Q

What happens to respiratory epithelium in the 2nd and 3rd bronchi?

A

respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height and goblet cell numbers reduce

33
Q

What epithelium lines the bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

34
Q

What is the purpose of thick smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

A

Thick smooth muscle for bronchoconstrion/dilation

35
Q

What do the terminal bronchioles supply?

A

pulmonary lobule

36
Q

What are air sacs?

A

Pulmonary lobules made of many alveoli arranged like a bunch of grapes

37
Q

how many alveoli are there per lung?

A

~150 million per lung

38
Q

what lines the alveolar walls?

A

simple squamous epithelium on a thin basement membrane

39
Q

what covers the external surface of alveoli?

A

a fine network of pulmonary capillaries

40
Q

alveolus are similar to what structure?

A

A pocket, one opening

41
Q

alveolus are covered by?

A

dense capillary network

42
Q

what forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier?

A

Type 1 squamous with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

43
Q

what is the purpose of type II cuboidal epithelium in the blood-air barrier?

A

Secrete surfactant

44
Q

What is surfactant?

A

a complex lipoprotein that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

45
Q

What structures form the respiratory membrane?

A

alveolus wall, fused basement membrane, capillary wall

46
Q

what is the structure of the alveoli?

A

type I pneumocystis form wall of alveoli and type II pneumocystis secrete surfactant

47
Q

Which cells remove debris from the alveoli?

A

macrophages

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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