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HUBS192 > lecture 29 > Flashcards

lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

which kidney is most inferior and why?

A

The right kidney is a little bit lower because it sits below the liver

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2
Q

Which structures comprise a kidney lobe?

A

one medullary pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it

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3
Q

what is the nephron?

A

microscopic functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation

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4
Q

How many nephrons are their per kidney?

A

~1 million per kidney

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5
Q

How many types of nephrons are there?

A

two different types

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6
Q

what are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

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7
Q

what is the most common type of nephron?

A

cortical nephrons ~85%

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8
Q

where are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons located?

A

cortical nephrons lie mainly in the cortex

juxtamedullary nephrons extend deep into the medulla

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9
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

formation of concentrated urine

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10
Q

Functions of nephrons?

A

selectively filter blood
return to blood anything to be kept
carry waste away for storage and expulsion

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11
Q

Each nephron is comprised of?

A

a glomerular capsule
renal tubules
a collecting duct

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12
Q

Each nephron is associated with?

A

a glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Glomerular capillaries are specialised for?

A

filtration

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14
Q

what type of capillaries are glomerular capillaries?

A

thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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15
Q

how are glomerular capillaries fed and drained?

A

By arterioles

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16
Q

peritubular capillaries are specialised for?

A

absorption

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17
Q

Peritubular capillaries wrap around what?

A

renal tubules

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18
Q

peritubular capillaries receives what?

A

filtered blood from glomerulus via efferent arterioles

reabsorbed filtrate from nephron

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19
Q

what are the vasa recta?

A

extensions that follow loops of Henle deep into the medulla

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20
Q

Vasa recta are only found where?

A

with juxtamedullary nephrons

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21
Q

Glomerulus is enclosed by?

A

glomerular capsule to form renal corpuscle

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22
Q

the renal corpuscle is where what meets?

A

capillary and nephron meet

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23
Q

the renal corpuscle is the site of what?

A

filtration barrier

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24
Q

What is the first part of the nephron?

A

glomerular capsule

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25
Q

What are the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells

inner visceral layer of podocytes

26
Q

Between the two layers of the glomerular capsule is?

A

Capsular space which receives filtrate

27
Q

what are podocytes surrounded by?

A

glomerular capillaries

28
Q

what are podocytes?

A

very branched, very specialised epithelium

29
Q

what are pedicels?

A

branches from intertwining foot processes of podocytes

30
Q

What forms between pedicels?

A

filtration slits

31
Q

what passes through filtration slits?

A

filtered blood passes through and into the capsular space

32
Q

what are other names for filtration barrier?

A

blood-urine barrier

glomerular capsular membrane

33
Q

where does the filtration barrier lie?

A

between blood and capsular space

34
Q

what is allowed to pass filtration barrier?

A

water and small molecules

35
Q

what is restricted by filtration barrier?

A

most proteins and red blood cells

36
Q

what are the three layers of the filtration barrier?

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary
fused basement membrane
filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

37
Q

which structures form renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus

glomerular capsule

38
Q

what happens after flirtation?

A

waste fluid and solutes filtered from the blood, some of which is reabsorbed and a lot further screened

39
Q

what does urine =?

A

filtered - (reabsorbed + secreted)

40
Q

What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

bulk reabsorption

41
Q

what surrounds the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

peritubular capillaries

42
Q

What epithelium is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

43
Q

what structure reflects the function of the PCT?

A

dense microvilli on luminal membrane and highly folded basolateral membrane

44
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondria in PCT?

A

to provide energy for bulk active transport of molecules like glucose

45
Q

where does the nephron loop extend to?

A

from PCT and down into the medulla

46
Q

Why is length important for nephron loop?

A

for production of dilute/concentrated urine

47
Q

what surrounds the nephron loop?

A

vasa recta, in juxtamedullary nephrons only

48
Q

what forms the thick descending limb of nephron loop?

A

cuboidal epithelium cells, similar to PCT

49
Q

what epithelium are the thin limbs of the nephron loop?

A

simple squamous epithelium

50
Q

what forms the distal convoluted tubule?

A

cuboidal epithelium, thinner than PCT

51
Q

what is the role of the DCT?

A

fine tuning, regulated reabsorption

52
Q

structure of the DCT?

A

few microvilli and no brush border

less mitochondria

53
Q

What influences reabsorption in DCT?

A

aldosterone

54
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct?

A

to collect filtrate from several DCTs which empty into the papilla

55
Q

what influences reabsorption in collecting duct?

A

ADH and aldosterone

56
Q

Structure of collecting duct?

A

wall of simple cuboidal epithelium
principal cells for reabsorption
intercalated cells for acid/base balance

57
Q

how do you distinguish between proximal and distal convoluted tubule?

A

proximal has a fuzzy lumen due to microvilli and distal has a clear lumen

58
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

specialised zone in every nephron located where DCT lies against afferent arteriole

59
Q

What is the role of the macula dense cells?

A

chemoreceptors detect sodium levels

60
Q

what is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

mechanoreceptors detect blood pressure

61
Q

what does juxtaglomerular apparatus control?

A

glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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