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HUBS192 > lecture 35 > Flashcards

lecture 35 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three regions of the epididymis?

A

head body tail

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2
Q

where would you find a spermatogonia?

A

adjacent to the basement membrane within the seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

why are the scrotum external to the body?

A

they are housed away from the body to maintain temp at ~34 degrees

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4
Q

what lines the scrotum?

A

dartos muscle

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5
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do?

A

contracts for heat conservation

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6
Q

what happens when the dartos muscle contracts?

A

wrinkles or unwrinkles the ball sack to reduce or increase the surface area for heat transfer

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7
Q

what runs between abdomen and testes?

A

the spermatic cord

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8
Q

spermatic cord contains?

A

ductus deferens
blood vessels - testicular arteries and veins
nerves
lymphatics

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9
Q

functions of the penis?

A

urination

copulation

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10
Q

3 main regions of the penis?

A

root
body
glans (covered by foreskin)

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11
Q

how many erectile tissues does the penis have?

A

three

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12
Q

what are the erectile tissues of the penis?

A

two corpora cavernosa

one corpus spongiosum

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13
Q

what are the corpora cavernosa?

A

main erectile tissue on the dorsal aspect

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14
Q

what is the corpus spongiosum?

A

contains urethra and forms bulb and glans on the ventral aspect

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15
Q

how are spermatozoa carried to female reproductive tract?

A

seminal fluid + spermatozoa

= semen

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16
Q

seminal fluid is mostly produced by which accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

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17
Q

seminal vesicles are two glands located where?

A

posterior to bladder and lateral to ampulla

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18
Q

seminal vesicles produce what?

A

a viscous secretion that makes up 60% of semen and has an alkaline pH protection seem against acidic environment in urethra and vagina

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19
Q

where is the prostate gland located?

A

inferior to bladder wrapping around prostatic urethra

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20
Q

what kind of secretion does the prostate gland secrete?

A

30% semen

slightly acidic, milky fluid with prostate-specific antigen

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21
Q

what does prostate gland secretion activate?

A

sperm activation, viability and motility

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22
Q

where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

two glands located in the urogenital diaphragm

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23
Q

where does the bulbourethral glands open into?

A

the spongy/penile urethra

24
Q

how much does the bulbourethral contribute to semen volume?

A

5% of semen volume

25
Q

what do bulbourethral secretions do?

A

lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

26
Q

components of semen?

A

60% from seminal vesicles
30% from prostate
5% from bulbourethral glands
5% spermatozoa

27
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

a surgical method of sterilisation in males

28
Q

What happens in a vasectomy?

A

the ductus deferens are tied or cauterised

29
Q

does a vasectomy affect seminal fluid?

A

no it does not affect production or volume of seminal fluid but there won’t be any spermatozoa

30
Q

name of formation of the gametes?

A

spermatogenesis

oogenesis

31
Q

gamete formation is under what control?

A

hormonal control

32
Q

gametogenesis occurs via?

A

mitosis and meiosis

33
Q

meiosis produces gametes that are?

A

haploid, 23 chromosomes

34
Q

meiosis begins with?

A

diploid chromosomes

35
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

the process by which spermatogonia are transformed to mature spermatozoa

36
Q

when does spermatogenesis begin?

A

continuously from puberty onwards

37
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

38
Q

how do spermatogonia divide?

A

by mitosis into two daughter cells

39
Q

what happens to type A spermatogonium?

A

stays at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule when mitosis occurs

40
Q

what happens to type B spermatogonia?

A

differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which undergoes Meiosis I to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

41
Q

what happens to the 2 secondary spermatocytes?

A

they undergo meiosis II to form spermatids

42
Q

what do spermatids differentiate into?

A

spermatozoa with a head, body and tail via spermiogenesis

43
Q

during spermiogenesis,a spermatid will form?

A

a spermatozoon

44
Q

what are the reproductive hormones?

A

GnRH
LH
FSH

45
Q

what is GnRH?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the hypothalamus

46
Q

what is LH?

A

luteinizing hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

47
Q

What is FSH?

A

follicle stimulation hormone (a gonadotropin) produced by anterior pituitary

48
Q

hormones in males?

A

inhibin

testorone

49
Q

where is inhibin from?

A

nurse (steroli) cells

50
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

interstitial endocrine (leydig) cells

51
Q

testosterone is a type of?

A

androgen which is a group of steroid hormones

52
Q

what is testosterone responsible for?

A

male characteristics like:
maturation of sex organs
spermatogenesis
etc.

53
Q

what stimulates production of testosterone?

A

LH hormone

54
Q

which hormones control spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

55
Q

production of FSH stimulates what?

A

inhibin

56
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for male reproductive hormones?

A

Inhibin suppresses FSH and testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH

57
Q

h

A

h

HUBS192 (38 decks)

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