Last moment Q

Question 1

in order for iron to be absorbed in the ileum we need

Answer 1

1. Fe+++ in the intestinal cell membrane is being converted to Fe++ by reductase enzyme
2. gets inside the cell with H+ (by Divalent Metal Transporter 1)
3. free iron binds apoferritin and transported to BL side through ferroportin transporter

Question 2

in the circulation, iron is bound to

Answer 2

transferrin

iron is in Fe+++

Question 3

B12 absorption needs

Answer 3

IF

Question 4

IF are made by

Answer 4

Parietal cells n the stomach

Question 5

in the circulation, we can find B12 bound to

Answer 5

Transcobalamine

Question 6

in order to transcribe EPO what needs to happen?

Answer 6

low levels of O2 -> enzyme bound to HIF release HIF -> HIF is a transcription factor that will go inside the nucleus -> EPO will be transcribe

Question 7

How will Myeloid linage will know to produce RBC?

Answer 7

gets the signal from EPO

Question 8

Asthma is an example of what disease?

Answer 8

Obstructive lung disease

Question 9

subendothelial collagen is in contact with platelets through

Answer 9

vWF and Gp-Ib

Question 10

platelets adher to each other via

Answer 10

Gp-IIb

Gp-IIIa

Question 11

kallikrein will

Answer 11

HMWK -> Bradykinin

Question 12

Bradykinin will

Answer 12

vasodilation
permeability
pain

Question 13

how does the decrease in afterload effect the SV?

Answer 13

increases SV

Question 14

how can we increase the contractility of the heart?

Answer 14

via B1 R

Question 15

B1 R activation in the heart effects

Answer 15

• Ca++ ch phosphorylated so more Ca++ enters
• Ca induce Ca release
• Phospholambdan phosphor, leads to restore Ca storage in SR

Question 16

what does the preload depends on?

Answer 16

EDV

depends on venous tone and circulating blood volume

Question 17

what is pulse pressure?

Answer 17

difference btw SBP and DBP

PP=SBP-DBP

PP=120-80

Question 18

what happens to systolic and diastolic while excersizing?

Answer 18

systolic increases in time
diastolic stay the samr
SV increases

Question 19

MAP=

Answer 19

COxTPR

Question 20

define MAP

Answer 20

avarage arterial pressure during single Cardiac cycle

Question 21

force of contraction is proportional to

Answer 21

End Diastolic length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)

Question 22

which vessels have the lowest flow velocity? why?

Answer 22

capillaries, bcs their CSA is the highest

Question 23

what aare somatomedins?

Answer 23

Insulin like growth factors

IGF-1 (in adults)

Question 24

erythropoiesis pathway

Answer 24

1. HSC
2. Proerythroblasts
3. basophilic erythroblasts
4. polychromatic erythroblasts
5. orthochromatic erythroblasts
6. reticulocyte
7. RBC

Question 25

Em of neuron

Answer 25

-70 mV

Question 26

Em of skeletal muscle

Answer 26

-90 mV

Question 27

skeletal muscle equilibrium potential

Answer 27

``` K= -94 mV Na= +65 mV Cl= -88 mV ```

Question 28

neuron equilibrium potential

Answer 28

``` K= -90 mV Na= +60 mV Cl= -70 mV Ca= +130 mV ```

Question 29

how do we call the conductivity using nods of Ranvier?

Answer 29

Saltatory conductance | saltatory=discontineous

Question 30

3 phases of VGNa Ch

Answer 30

1. open 2. close 3. inactive

Question 31

structure of of VGNa Ch

Answer 31

they have activation gate and inactivation gate

Question 32

define absolute refractory period

Answer 32

when there is rapid depol, the VGNa Ch are either open/ inactivated, which means nothing can activate them right now

Question 33

define relative refractory period

Answer 33

when there is repolarisation some of the VGNa Ch become closed again and then we can activate them but it requires a very big stimulus

Question 34

how do actin myosin arranged in smooth muscle cells?

Answer 34

Diagonally

Question 35

the T tubule is the same as ____ in the smooth muscle cell

Answer 35

cavelolae= deposited of Ca++

Question 36

the Z line is the same as ____ in the smooth muscle cell

Answer 36

dense bodies

Question 37

the Troponin is the same as ____ in the smooth muscle cell

Answer 37

Calmodulin

Question 38

baroreceptors take the information about blood pressure to what nuclei?

Answer 38

tractos solitarius nuclei

Question 39

tractus solitarius connects with three centers:

Answer 39

cardiac accelatretor- symp vaso-motor- symp cardiac inhibitory - parasymp

Question 40

resistance and radius prop

Answer 40

inversley proportional to the r^4 so when r is increased- resistance decrease when r decrease resistance increases a lot

Question 41

NE is released in the SA node to bind which R?

Answer 41

B1