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SN Physiology Final > 7.6 > Flashcards

7.6 Flashcards

1
Q

EC Ca++ conc

A 
Free= 1-1.3 mM
Total= 2.2-2.6 mM
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2
Q

IC Ca++ conc

A

100 nM

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3
Q

How Ca++ travels in the blood?

A

Ionized form= 45%
Bound to proteins= 45%
Complex with anions= 10%

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4
Q

What happens when there are more Albumin/ Phosphate in the blood?

A

Less Ca++ is free

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5
Q

What happens when pH goes down?

A

H+ binds to Albumin -> increasing free Ca

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6
Q

What synthesize PTH

A

Chief cells in the parathyroid glands

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7
Q

Describe PTH secretion

A

preproPTH -> proPTH -> PTH (84AA)

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8
Q

What evokes the secretion of PTH?

A

Ca-Sensing-Receptors (CaSR) present on chief cells

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9
Q

Ca-Sensing-Receptors (CaSR)

Way of action

A

Gq detect high Ca -> IC Ca signal -> inhibition of vesicle fusion

***also has Gi activity

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10
Q

What is the result of Ca-Sensing-Receptors (CaSR) mutation?

A

Familial Hypercalemic Hypocalciuria

Decreased affinity of Ca-Sensing-Receptors to Ca

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11
Q

What will higher phosphate cause

A

Less free Ca

So more PTH secretion

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12
Q

How vit.D affect PTH

A

Decrease secretion
By increasing CaSR expression
By Direct PTH gene inhibition

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13
Q

Long term vit D def. will cause

A

Rickets= deformation of long bones bcs there is less Ca and Pi absorption from the GI

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14
Q

What secretes clacitonin

A

Parafollicular C cells of thyroid

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15
Q

Action of Calcitonin

A

Decrease Ca levels by inhibiting Osteoclasts so increasing bone formation

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16
Q

What increase secretion of Calcitonin

A

High Ca

More than 1.3 mM

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17
Q

Which disease can exogenous Calcitonin treat

A

Paget’s Disease

Disorder of overactive OsteoClasts

18
Q

2 types of bones

A

Compact- 80% of the long bones

Spongy- 20% of all bones

19
Q

Location of spongy bones

A

Vertebral
Neck of long bones
Bone cavity

20
Q

Special thing of spongy bones

A

High surface area so high turnover of formation and resorption of bone

21
Q

Osteoblast origin

A

Fibroblasts

22
Q

Secretory proteins of osteoblasts

A

Collagen type 1
Osteocalcin
Osteonectin
Alkaline phosphate

23
Q

Osteolacin job

A

Binds Ca and hydroxyapetite

24
Q

Osteonectin job

A

Same as osteolacin

25
Q

Alkaline phosphate job

A

Role in the formation of Hydroxyapetits

26
Q

Regulatory proteins of Osteoblasts

A

RANK Ligand

OPG

27
Q

Catabolic enzymes of Osteoblasts

A

Collagenase

Gelatinase

28
Q

Phases of bone formation

A

Osteoid formation

Mineralization

29
Q

How much time does osteoid formation takes

A

10-14 days

30
Q

What happens during osteoid formation

A

Creation of protein matrix of bones

31
Q

What does osteoid gives us

A

Site for nucleation and precipitation of hydroxyapetite

32
Q

Duration of mineralization

A

Couple of weeks

33
Q

What happens during mineralization

A

Pi groups are released for the formation of hydroxyapatite

34
Q

Where do osteoClast comes from

A

Haematopoietic cell line

35
Q

What do osteoclast activation requires

A

M-CSF
RANK Ligand
IL-6 (cytokine)

36
Q

What regulates bone resorption

A
  1. PTH, Calcitriol
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Glucocorticoids
  4. Estrogens
  5. Tumors
37
Q

Job of PTH and calcitriol in bone resorption

A

Act on osteoblasts ->RANK -> osteoclast activation

38
Q

Job of OPG

A

Acts on osteoclast and decrease their activity

It blocks the RANK R

39
Q

What determines osteoclast activity?

A

RANK/OPG ratio

High- increase osteoclast activity
Low- decreases

40
Q

Calcitonin acts on osteoclasts?

A

Inhibition

41
Q

Glucocorticoids action on bones?

A

Acts on osteoblasts

Increase RANK/OPG ratio

42
Q

Estrogens action on bones?

A

Decrease RANK/OPG ratio

SN Physiology Final (59 decks)

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