L9. Respiratory Tract

Question 1

Name the 2 components that make up the respiratory tract.

Answer 1

1. Upper respiratory tract

2. Lower respiratory tract

Question 2

Name the 3 -pharynx regions.

Answer 2

Nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 3

Where is the nasopharynx?

Answer 3

Directly behind the nose.

Question 4

Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 4

The large space behind the tongue

Question 5

Where is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 5

Behind the base of the jaw/chin.

Question 6

What do the following features make up? :
Nose
Paranasal sinuses
mouth and tonsils
throat/pharynx
larynx

Answer 6

Upper respiratory tract

Question 7

What is the end of the nose called (nostrils)?

Answer 7

Nares

Question 8

What type of cartilage makes up the nose? What kind of membrane lines the nose?

Answer 8

Hyaline cartilage

Mucous membrane

Question 9

2 ducts open into the nose to give an eyes-to-nose connection. What are these 2 ducts?

Answer 9

Paranasal sinuses

nasolacrimal duct

Question 10

What is the nasal septum made up of?

Answer 10

Cartilage and bone.

Question 11

What does the nasal septum do?

Answer 11

Separates the left and right of the nose.

Question 12

What 3 components make up the external portion of the nose?

Answer 12

1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Keratin

Question 13

Describe the epithelium found in the upper respiratory tract.

Answer 13

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 14

Which type of cells can regenerate and act as stem cells?

Answer 14

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory receptors in the olfactory segment.

Question 15

What day to day function are the paranasal sinuses involved in?

Answer 15

Vocal resonance

Question 16

Which feature warms and filters air? How many are there?

Answer 16

Chonchae/turbinates

3

Question 17

Which sinuses are located between and above the eyebrows?

Answer 17

Frontal sinuses

Question 18

Which sinuses are located either side of the upper portion of the bridge of your nose?

Answer 18

Ethmoid sinuses

Question 19

Which sinuses are on the bridge of your nose and directly in front of your ear?

Answer 19

Sphenoid sinuses

Question 20

Which sinuses are found on the apple of your cheek?

Answer 20

Maxillary sinuses

Question 21

What is a fistula?

Answer 21

An abnormal connection between 2 epithelial-lined surfaces.

Question 22

What is an oro-antral fistula?

Answer 22

An opening between a paranasal sinus and the mouth (extraction of upper 7)

Question 23

What is the pharynx and what is it made up of?

Answer 23

A muscular tube from the base of the skull to the oesophagus. It is made of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

Question 24

What do the following make up?
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Answer 24

Lower respiratory tract

Question 25

What is the larynx used for? Where is it?

Answer 25

The larynx is the voicebox. It is C3-C6.

Question 26

What does the larynx act as?

Answer 26

A sphincter

Question 27

What is unusual about the thyroid cartilage?

Answer 27

It doesn't have a back region.

Question 28

Name the only cartilage which forms a full ring.

Answer 28

Cricoid cartilage

Question 29

Why is there a break in the cartilage of all the other "rings"?

Answer 29

The oesophagus sits behind.

Question 30

Name the 6 forms of cartilage found in the larynx.

Answer 30

1. Arytenoid (x2) 2. Epiglottis 3. Cuneiform (x2) 4. Corniculate (x2) 5. Thyroid cartilage 6. Cricoid Cartilage

Question 31

What is a cricothyroidotomy? What is its purpose?

Answer 31

This procedure opens the airway between the thyroid cartilage (above adam's apple) and the cricoid cartilage (next bump below Adam's apple)

Question 32

What is an odema?

Answer 32

Swelling

Question 33

How long is the trachea and where does it begin?

Answer 33

It is 4-5 inches long and begins below the cricoid cartilage.

Question 34

How many cartilage rings does the trachea have? Are they complete or incomplete?

Answer 34

15-20 incomplete cartilage rings. This maintains an open airway.

Question 35

What is the trachea wall made of?

Answer 35

Fibrous tissue

Question 36

What is the smooth muscle at the cartilage gap called?

Answer 36

Trachealis muscle

Question 37

Describe a difference between the left and right bronchi.

Answer 37

The right bronchus is straighter, wider and shorter than the left bronchus.

Question 38

Which bronchus are foreign substances more likely to go down?

Answer 38

The right hand side as it is a continuation of the trachea.

Question 39

Describe how each bronchus divides. RHS : LHS :

Answer 39

``` RHS : superior lobe bronchus middle lobe bronchus inferior lobe bronchus LHS : superior lobe bronchus inferior lobe bronchus ```

Question 40

Where in the body is surfactant found? When is it created and what does it do?

Answer 40

Surfactant is found in the lungs. It is created at 35 weeks in utero. It helps us to breathe.