L34. Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards
Name 2 compounds produced by the oral mucosa to prevent infection.
Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)
Secretory IgA
Name 3 cell types which produce cytokines and chemokines for immune responses.
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Give an example of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
Toll-like receptor
What do pattern recognition receptors do?
Recognise unique microbial features
What do cytokines do?
Tell cells what to do at the site of infection.
What do chemokines do?
Tell cells where to go
Direct cells to the site of infection
Name the most abundant cell type in healthy oral mucosa.
Neutrophils
Which cells increase in number during oral inflammation?
Neutrophils
How are neutrophils attracted to the site of infection?
Along the CXCL8 IL-8 gradient
Which molecules control interactions between neutrophils and endothelial cells?
Cell adhesion molecules
Name the 3 main families of cell adhesion molecules.
Selectins
Integrins
Immunoglobulin superfamily
Describe the role of neutrophils.
Phagocytic
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)
Engulf and destroy the invading pathogen.
Describe the role of macrophages.
Phagocytosis
Antigen presenting
Name the 3 stages of phagocytosis.
- Degradation (removal of pathogenic threat)
- Antigen presenting
- Breakdown and disposal of apoptotic cells
Name the 2 subsets of macrophages.
M1 pro-inflammatory
M2 anti-inflammatory
Name the 2 classes of antigen presenting cells, with examples.
Non professional - epithelial cells
Professional - dendritic cells
Describe the process of phagocytosis.
- Adherence of microbe to phagocyte
- Ingestion of microbe
- Formation of phagosome
- Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome
- Digestion of microbe by enzymes
- Formation of a residual body with indigestible material
- Discharge of waste materials
Name the 2 processes which link innate and adaptive immunity.
Phagocytosis and antigen presenting
Which component makes up the majority of blood?
Plasma
What does opsonisation mean?
Coating pathogens in antibodies or complement proteins.
Name the 3 complement pathways.
Classical (antibody attached to microbe)
Alternative (microbial cell wall)
Lectin (Carbohydrates on pathogen surface)
What do anaphylatoxins cause?
Smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage (increase in immune cells to infection site)
Give examples of anaphylatoxins.
C3,C4 and C5
They drive immune responses
In which disease can complement be seen?
Periodontitis
