L34. Innate Immunity 2

Question 1

Name 2 compounds produced by the oral mucosa to prevent infection.

Answer 1

Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)

Secretory IgA

Question 2

Name 3 cell types which produce cytokines and chemokines for immune responses.

Answer 2

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils

Question 3

Give an example of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR).

Answer 3

Toll-like receptor

Question 4

What do pattern recognition receptors do?

Answer 4

Recognise unique microbial features

Question 5

What do cytokines do?

Answer 5

Tell cells what to do at the site of infection.

Question 6

What do chemokines do?

Answer 6

Tell cells where to go

Direct cells to the site of infection

Question 7

Name the most abundant cell type in healthy oral mucosa.

Answer 7

Neutrophils

Question 8

Which cells increase in number during oral inflammation?

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

How are neutrophils attracted to the site of infection?

Answer 9

Along the CXCL8 IL-8 gradient

Question 10

Which molecules control interactions between neutrophils and endothelial cells?

Answer 10

Cell adhesion molecules

Question 11

Name the 3 main families of cell adhesion molecules.

Answer 11

Selectins
Integrins
Immunoglobulin superfamily

Question 12

Describe the role of neutrophils.

Answer 12

Phagocytic
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS)
Engulf and destroy the invading pathogen.

Question 13

Describe the role of macrophages.

Answer 13

Phagocytosis

Antigen presenting

Question 14

Name the 3 stages of phagocytosis.

Answer 14

1. Degradation (removal of pathogenic threat)
2. Antigen presenting
3. Breakdown and disposal of apoptotic cells

Question 15

Name the 2 subsets of macrophages.

Answer 15

M1 pro-inflammatory

M2 anti-inflammatory

Question 16

Name the 2 classes of antigen presenting cells, with examples.

Answer 16

Non professional - epithelial cells

Professional - dendritic cells

Question 17

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

Answer 17

1. Adherence of microbe to phagocyte
2. Ingestion of microbe
3. Formation of phagosome
4. Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome
5. Digestion of microbe by enzymes
6. Formation of a residual body with indigestible material
7. Discharge of waste materials

Question 18

Name the 2 processes which link innate and adaptive immunity.

Answer 18

Phagocytosis and antigen presenting

Question 19

Which component makes up the majority of blood?

Answer 19

Plasma

Question 20

What does opsonisation mean?

Answer 20

Coating pathogens in antibodies or complement proteins.

Question 21

Name the 3 complement pathways.

Answer 21

Classical (antibody attached to microbe)
Alternative (microbial cell wall)
Lectin (Carbohydrates on pathogen surface)

Question 22

What do anaphylatoxins cause?

Answer 22

Smooth muscle contraction and capillary leakage (increase in immune cells to infection site)

Question 23

Give examples of anaphylatoxins.

Answer 23

C3,C4 and C5

They drive immune responses

Question 24

In which disease can complement be seen?

Answer 24

Periodontitis

Question 25

Name the 3 main processes in innate immunity.

Answer 25

Degranulation, phagocytosis and antigen presentation.