36. Endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 examples of endocrine glands.

A

Thyroid
parathyroid
Adrenal

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2
Q

What 2 categories can hormones fall in to?

A

Steroids or non steroids

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3
Q

Give 3 steroid hormones

A

cortisol
testosterone
oestrogen

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4
Q

Give an example of a group of non-steroid hormones and an example of this.

A

Amines - adrenaline, noradrenaline

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5
Q

In what form are many peptide hormones produced? What is the name given to them?

A

Produced in an inactive, precursor form

called pro-hormones

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6
Q

Where is pre-pro-hormone converted?

A

Pre-pro-hormone is converted to pro-hormone in the endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Carbohydrate groups attached to amino acids

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8
Q

How do most non-steroid hormones act?

A

Via second messenger systems eg cyclic AMP.

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9
Q

Can steroid hormones pass through the outer membrane of cells?

A

Yes

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10
Q

How do steroid hormones alter DNA?

A

They enter the cell and nucleus then bind to a HORMONE RECEPTOR which alters DNA

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11
Q

How do non-steroid hormones act?

A

Bind to a 1st messenger which activates G-proteins. Adenyl cyclase breaks down ATP to cAMP which activates protein kinases. Specific enzymes convert substrate to product.

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12
Q

What regulates most hormone systems?

A

Negative feedback

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13
Q

Name 2 functions which can cause endocrine disorders.

A

Hypersecretion

Hyposecretion

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14
Q

What is the sensitivity of a cell related to?

A

The number of membrane receptors -

  1. more receptors > more sensitivity > up regulation
  2. fewer receptors > decreased sensitivity > down regulation
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