L68. Growth Disturbances

Question 1

What are the 2 types of growth disturbances?

Answer 1

Developmental or acquired

Question 2

Name the 3 hamartomas.

Answer 2

Agenesis
Aplasia
Hypoplasia

Question 3

Describe agenesis

Answer 3

tissue/organ does not develop at all.

Question 4

Describe aplasia

Answer 4

Organ/tissue is there but doesn’t develop the normal structure

Question 5

Describe hypoplasia

Answer 5

Structure is there but the amount is less than normal eg. enamel

Question 6

What can cause enamel hypoplasia?

Answer 6

Taking in too much fluoride

Question 7

Describe the difference between a hamartoma and a benign tumour.

Answer 7

A hamartoma grows till the person stops growing but a benign tumour continues to grow.

Question 8

What is a haemangioma?

Answer 8

non-cancerous growth of blood vessels

Question 9

what is a vascular malformation?

Answer 9

A clump of blood vessels on the tongue.

Question 10

Describe the cellular difference between a benign tissue and hamartoma.

Answer 10

Benign tissue has a fibrous connective tissue capsule, a hamartoma does not.

Question 11

What is a lymphangioma?

Answer 11

Collection of lymph cells

Question 12

Give an example of development in the wrong place.

Answer 12

Ectopic teeth

Question 13

What is atrophy?

Answer 13

decrease in cell numbers

Question 14

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 14

Increase in cell size

Question 15

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 15

cell numbers increase

Question 16

What is metaplasia?

Answer 16

cells change from one epithelium type to another, but not epithelium to connective tissue.

Question 17

What is dysplasia?

Answer 17

a change in the cell’s growth pattern (higher instances of malignancies)

Question 18

When does atrophy of the mandible occur?

Answer 18

When all the teeth are removed at a young age.

Question 19

Describe how post-menopausal osteoporosis occurs.

Answer 19

Oestrogen inhibits osteoclasts from resorbing bone. When oestrogen levels fall, osteoclast activity increases.

Question 20

Describe the difference in treatment for controlled and uncontrolled hyperplasia.

Answer 20

Controlled hyperplasia can be regressed by intervention.

Uncontrolled hyperplasia could be a tumour.

Question 21

Give an example of physiological hypertrophy.

Answer 21

muscle cells increasing in size

Question 22

Give the change (metaplasia) in smokers respiratory tracts.

Answer 22

ciliated columnar -> squamous

Question 23

Give the change (metaplasia) in barrett’s oesophagus

Answer 23

squamous -> columnar

Question 24

What is neoplasia?

Answer 24

malignant or benign abnormal mass of tissue