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Science Y1 T2 > L58. Cell Injury > Flashcards

L58. Cell Injury Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how cell injury can be reversible or irreversible.

A

Reversible - cells adapt when a stimulus is applied and revert when the stimulus is removed. It depends on type and severity of the injury.
Irreversible - permanent, can cause cell death.

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2
Q

What is aetiology?

A

Cause of the disease

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3
Q

What can cause hypoxia?

A

Anaemia. It disrupts respiratory processes.

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4
Q

What causes ischaemia?

A

Shortage of blood flow to a tissue caused by artery or vein blockages.

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5
Q

Describe agents which can lead to cell injury.

A

Physical agents - mechanical trauma, temperature
Infectious agents - bacteria, viruses
Chemicals - poisons, alcohol
Immunological - anaphylaxis

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6
Q

Give examples of specialised and generalised inadequate nutrition.

A

Rickets - specific

Anorexia - generalised

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7
Q

Give examples of specialised and generalised excessive intake.

A

Hypervitaminosis - specific

Obesity - generalised

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8
Q

Give an example of a genetic defect.

A

Sickle cell anaemia

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9
Q

What happens to DNA and plasma during reversible injury?

A

Their integrity is maintained.

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10
Q

Give examples of 2 changes which can be seen in cells during cell injury.

A

Cloudy swelling - cells cannot maintain fluid homeostasis

Fatty change - accumulation of lipid vacuoles in cytomplasm

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11
Q

Give the 4 point flow chart for irreversible injury.

A

Normal cell > reversible changes > point of no return > irreversible changes

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12
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Irreversible cell injury/death due to pathology

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13
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Nucleus shrinkage

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14
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

Nucleus fragments

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15
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

the blue-stained nucleus DNA is digested by endonucleases

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16
Q

Give a sign of cell necrosis.

A

loss of blue-stained nucleus.

17
Q

What are the 3 types of necrosis?

A
  1. Co-agulative necrosis - no protein breakdown in cells due to enzyme denaturation
  2. Liquefactive necrosis - digestion of dead tissue (now in a liquid state - pus)
  3. Caseous necrosis - tissue has a cheese-like appearance (like in TB).
18
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

Areas of fat destruction brought about by pancreatitis.

19
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

seen in immune reactions in blood vessels.

20
Q

Name 2 effects of necrosis

A
  1. Loss of function

2. Inflammation

21
Q

What do nuclei tell you?

A

Whether or not they have died (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis)

22
Q

What does the cytoplasm tell you?

A

How it died (co-agulation necrosis, liquefaction necrosis, caseous necrosis, fat necrosis)

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

genetically programmed cell death which requires energy with no inflammation.

24
Q

Give 2 causes of apoptosis.

A

DNA damage or cell deletion during embryogenesis.

25
Q

Give the 4 stages of apoptosis.

A
  1. Cell shrinkage
  2. Packaging up of the nucleus.
  3. Intact cell membrane with cytoplasmic blebs
  4. Blebs break off to form apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed.
26
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Cholesterol accumulation

27
Q

What is an amyloid?

A

an abnormal protein which can build up due to pathology caused by chronic inflammation.

28
Q

Give an endogenous pathological pigmentation.

A

Melanin in the mouth (internal cause - disease)

29
Q

Give an exogenous pathological pigmentation

A

Carbon deposition in the lung alveoli from inhaled smoke (external cause)

30
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium phosphate in necrotic tissue (normal serum calcium)

31
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Deposits of calcium salts in vital tissue with raised serum calcium levels (hypercalcaemia)

32
Q

Give 2 causes of hypercalcaemia.

A

Excess vitamin D or renal failure

Science Y1 T2 (68 decks)

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