L47. Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Acute inflammation initiates which type of immunity?

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

Name the 3 main processes involved in acute inflammation.

Answer 2

1. vascular dilation
2. increased vascular permeability
3. neutrophil activation and migration

Question 3

Name 2 causes of acute inflammation

Answer 3

microbial infection

corrosive chemicals

Question 4

Name the 4 signs of inflammation in medical terms.

Answer 4

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Tumor (swelling)

Question 5

• Give an example of acute inflammation

Answer 5

gingivitis

Question 6

Name the 4 stages of inflammation.

Answer 6

Initiation
progression
amplification
resolution

Question 7

What does exudation mean?

Answer 7

Vessels become leaky allowing water and salts to pass.

Question 8

What is oedema and why does it occur?

Answer 8

Excess fluid in vessels to provide glucose and oxygen

Question 9

What kinds of mediators regulate the inflammatory process?

Answer 9

1. Chemical mediators - histamine

2. Protein mediators - cytokines and chemokines

Question 10

Where is histamine stored? How does it cause itching?

Answer 10

In mast cells.

Their degranulation releases histamine which causes itching.

Question 11

What are prostaglandins?

Answer 11

Produced by macrophages and neutrophils. It causes vascular dilation.

Question 12

Name the 3 complement pathways.

Answer 12

1. Classical - antibody attached to microbe
2. Alternative - microbial cell wall
3. MBL - carbohydrates on pathogen surface

Question 13

Describe the first stage of the co-agulation cascade.

Answer 13

The extrinsic and intrinsic pathways merge when factor 10a is activated in each. 10a and 5a activate thrombin.

Question 14

How does thrombin create a blood clot?

Answer 14

Thrombin activates platelets to plug the would. It activates fibrin to form strands to keep the plug in place (venous clot).

Question 15

Which system prevents excess clotting?

Answer 15

Fibrinolytic system.

Question 16

Which 2 systems maintain haemostasis?

Answer 16

Coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system

Question 17

Give a congenital coagulation disorder.

Answer 17

Haemophilia A

Question 18

Give an acquired coagulation disorder cause.

Answer 18

Warfarin

Question 19

Name the 4 cascades in acute inflammation.

Answer 19

1. complement
2. kinin system (produces bradykinins)
3. Coagulation
4. Fibrinolytic system

Question 20

What is suppuration?

Answer 20

Formation of pus

Question 21

What are pyogenic bacteria?

Answer 21

can cause pus formation

Question 22

What is pus?

Answer 22

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

Question 23

Name 3 types of dental abscess

Answer 23

gingival abscess (trauma to gum tissue)
periodontal abscess (infection in gum)
periapical abscess (pulp infection)