L61. Voluntary Movement Flashcards
In the spinal cord, name the regions of white matter next to the following grey matter regions :
Dorsal horn
Intermediate horn
Ventral horn
Dorsal horn - dorsal funiculus
Intermediate horn - intermediate funiculus
Ventral horn - ventral funiculus
Which homunculus is closer to the forehead; sensory or motor?
Motor homunculus
Describe what the corticobulbar pathway does.
Innervates cranial nerve nuclei (bilateral)
Which cranial nerves does the corticobulbar pathway innervate?
Trigeminal
Facial
Vagus
Hypoglossal
What does the corticospinal pathway control?
Movement of the limbs and trunk
Where do pathways to motor neurons in the hands, feet, lower half of the face and tongue originate from?
The opposite side of the brain
What type of commands does the upper half of the face receive?
Bilateral descending cortical commands eg gag reflex
Describe the path in the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways from the upper motor neuron to the muscle.
Upper motor neuron (motor cortex)
to
Lower motor neuron (brainstem/spinal cord)
to muscle
What does lower motor neuron injury in the final common pathway cause?
No reflexes and no voluntary movement.
What does upper motor neuron injury (CNS injury, eg stroke) cause?
No voluntary movement but exaggerated reflexes
Which region of the brain deals with emotion, perception and motor control?
Insular cortex
What is the basal ganglia made up of?
Several interconnected sub-cortical nuclei.
What does the basal ganglia do?
Regulates motor cortex output.
What does damage to basal ganglia cause?
Movement disorders
Give 2 examples of movement disorders along with whether they are hypokinetic or hyperkinetic.
Parkinson’s - hypokinetic
Huntington’s - hyperkinetic
