L44. Endocrine 3

Question 1

Which cells occupy 1-2% of the pancreas?

Answer 1

Islets of Langerhans

Question 2

Which 3 hormones do the islets of Langerhans produce?

Answer 2

Insulin
Somatostatin
Glucagon

Question 3

Which cells produce insulin?

Answer 3

Beta cells

Question 4

Which cells produce glucagon?

Answer 4

alpha cells (glucAgon = Alpha)

Question 5

Which cells produce somatostatin?

Answer 5

delta cells (funny s shape)

Question 6

What does insulin facilitate?

Answer 6

Glucose entry into muscle cells

Question 7

What does insulin promote the formation of?

Answer 7

Glycogen

Question 8

Name 3 changes which promote insulin secretion

Answer 8

increase in :
vagus nerve activity
blood glucose
blood amino acids

Question 9

Name 2 substances which inhibit insulin secretion

Answer 9

Adrenaline and somatostatin

Question 10

What promotes glucagon secretion?

Answer 10

Decrease in blood glucose

increase in blood amino acids

Question 11

Name 2 substances which inhibit glucagon secretion.

Answer 11

Insulin and somatostatin

Question 12

Describe diabetes mellitus.

Answer 12

sweet urine - diabetes type 1 and 2

Question 13

Describe diabetes insipidus.

Answer 13

Non sweet urine

Question 14

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 14

Destruction of beta cells therefore decreased insulin secretion.

Question 15

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 15

Decreased target cell responsiveness

Question 16

The following can be seen in diabetes mellitus. What do they mean?

a) Polyuria
b) Polydipsia
c) Glycosuria
d) Diabetic neuropathy

Periodontitis
Xerostomia

Answer 16

a) Polyuria - increased urine production
b) Polydipsia - increased thirst
c) Glycosuria - glucose in urine
d) Diabetic neuropathy - nerve damage

Question 17

Where do the adrenal glands lie? What name is given for this?

Answer 17

Lie on top of the kidneys (supra-renal)

Question 18

Give the general name and 3 examples of what is produced in the adrenal gland cortex.

Answer 18

Corticosteroids are produced :
aldosterone
cortisol
adrenaline

Question 19

Describe the 3 layers of the adrenal gland in a cross section from outermost to innermost.

Answer 19

Capsule
Cortex
medulla

Question 20

Which region of the adrenal gland produces cortisol?

Answer 20

Zona fasciculata

Question 21

Which hormone controls cortisol production and where is it from?

Answer 21

ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

Question 22

Give 2 functions of cortisol

Answer 22

metabolic and anti-inflammatory

Question 23

Which adrenal gland region produces aldosterone?

Answer 23

Zona glomerulosa

Question 24

Aldosterone production is controlled by what?

Answer 24

Renin-angiotensin system.

Question 25

What is the role of aldosterone?

Answer 25

Promotes Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 26

What is androgens and what does it do?

Answer 26

A type of corticosteroid hormone which contributes to growth and puberty

Question 27

Describe the symptoms and cause of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 27

Excess fatty tissue and slow healing due to prolonged exposure to corticosteroids

Question 28

What can excess androgens cause?

Answer 28

Unwanted hair growth

Question 29

What is the adrenal medulla described as and what is it controlled by?

Answer 29

Modified sympathetic ganglion

Controlled by pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

Question 30

What does the adrenal medulla mostly produce? Which system does this impact?

Answer 30

Adrenaline

Sympathetic nervous system.

Question 31

What causes Addison’s disease?

Answer 31

Decreased adrenal function through reduced adrenal hormones :
glucocorticoids
mineral corticoids