L44. Endocrine 3 Flashcards
Which cells occupy 1-2% of the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
Which 3 hormones do the islets of Langerhans produce?
Insulin
Somatostatin
Glucagon
Which cells produce insulin?
Beta cells
Which cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells (glucAgon = Alpha)
Which cells produce somatostatin?
delta cells (funny s shape)
What does insulin facilitate?
Glucose entry into muscle cells
What does insulin promote the formation of?
Glycogen
Name 3 changes which promote insulin secretion
increase in :
vagus nerve activity
blood glucose
blood amino acids
Name 2 substances which inhibit insulin secretion
Adrenaline and somatostatin
What promotes glucagon secretion?
Decrease in blood glucose
increase in blood amino acids
Name 2 substances which inhibit glucagon secretion.
Insulin and somatostatin
Describe diabetes mellitus.
sweet urine - diabetes type 1 and 2
Describe diabetes insipidus.
Non sweet urine
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Destruction of beta cells therefore decreased insulin secretion.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Decreased target cell responsiveness
The following can be seen in diabetes mellitus. What do they mean?
a) Polyuria
b) Polydipsia
c) Glycosuria
d) Diabetic neuropathy
Periodontitis
Xerostomia
a) Polyuria - increased urine production
b) Polydipsia - increased thirst
c) Glycosuria - glucose in urine
d) Diabetic neuropathy - nerve damage
Where do the adrenal glands lie? What name is given for this?
Lie on top of the kidneys (supra-renal)
Give the general name and 3 examples of what is produced in the adrenal gland cortex.
Corticosteroids are produced :
aldosterone
cortisol
adrenaline
Describe the 3 layers of the adrenal gland in a cross section from outermost to innermost.
Capsule
Cortex
medulla
Which region of the adrenal gland produces cortisol?
Zona fasciculata
Which hormone controls cortisol production and where is it from?
ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Give 2 functions of cortisol
metabolic and anti-inflammatory
Which adrenal gland region produces aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
Aldosterone production is controlled by what?
Renin-angiotensin system.
What is the role of aldosterone?
Promotes Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the kidneys
What is androgens and what does it do?
A type of corticosteroid hormone which contributes to growth and puberty
Describe the symptoms and cause of Cushing’s syndrome
Excess fatty tissue and slow healing due to prolonged exposure to corticosteroids
What can excess androgens cause?
Unwanted hair growth
What is the adrenal medulla described as and what is it controlled by?
Modified sympathetic ganglion
Controlled by pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves
What does the adrenal medulla mostly produce? Which system does this impact?
Adrenaline
Sympathetic nervous system.
What causes Addison’s disease?
Decreased adrenal function through reduced adrenal hormones :
glucocorticoids
mineral corticoids
