Kentucky-Senior-Anatomy Flashcards
How much does the hoof wall grow per month?
1/8 to 1/2 inch
What sense in the horse functions with the following components: an auricle, tympanic cavity,
anvil, hammer and stirrup?
Hearing
Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints in it?
Hind (7)
Which is a more serious condition, toed-in or toed-out?
Toed-out
What is the junction of the wall and the sole called?
White line
What term describes a horse that has a complete set of permanent incisors?
Full mouth
What describes the point of the frog towards to the toe?
Apex
The horse has how many cervical vertebrae?
Seven
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse’s body?
Muscles
What is the external part of the ear called?
Auricle
The first upper premolars are also called what?
Wolf teeth
What part of the horse’s skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and
breastbone?
Trunk
Name the rear teeth or grinding teeth of the horse.
Molars
How many bones does the horse have?
205
How many teeth does a mature male horse have?
40
What is the name of the first cervical vertebrae?
Atlas
Name the cone-shaped muscular organ located between the lungs which propels blood
by alternate muscular contraction and relaxation.
Heart
What is the function of the short bones?
To absorb concussion
What and where is the ergot?
Small round, horny growth at the back of a horse’s fetlock.
What are ossified lateral cartilages immediately above and toward the rear quarter of the
hoof head?
Sidebones
How many chambers in a horse’s heart?
Four
The increased height of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th thoracic vertebrae make up the what?
The withers
What should be the widest part of the hindquarters?
The stifle
What is made possible by the action of bone levers, joint hinges, and tendon cables, and
the contraction of muscles?
Motion
Which jaw is wider in the horse, upper or lower?
Upper
Where do splints usually occur and why?
On the inside of the front legs because they receive the most weight
Where are the uterine horns located?
The abdominal cavity
Name the largest bone in the horse’s face.
Mandible (lower jaw bone)
In what area of the horse would you find the pectoral muscles?
Chest
What is the horse’s counterpart to the human knee?
The stifle
How many muscles control the movement of the horse’s eyeball?
7
Name the bone of the foot enclosed within the hoof.
Coffin bone
How many bones compose the sternum?
1
The V shaped pad in the middle of the sole.
Frog
This term refers to the smooth biting surface of the upper and lower incisors after the cups have
disappeared at 12 years of age.
Smooth mouth
What joint is commonly referred to as the yes-no joint?
The atlas-axis joint (joint between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae)
How are the muscles in the horse classified?
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal
What is the triangular sesamoid bone situated at the front of the stifle?
Patella or knee cap
What term is used to describe a foot axis of 60 degrees or more?
Club Foot
T/F The frog is relatively soft because it contains approximately 50 percent water.
True
The navicular bone and bursa are associated with which tendon?
Deep flexor tendon
What are the three weight bearing structures of the foot?
Wall, bars, and frog
What percent of a horse’s weight is carried on its forequarters?
60-65%
Besides the star, name four other markings on the face.
Stripe, blaze, snip, bald face, star and stripe,flame
What is the common name of the scapula?
Shoulder blade
What three items make up the central nervous system?
Brain, brain stem, spinal cord
Where would one find the coccygeal vertebrae part of the spinal column?
Tail, caudal
What is another name of the distal sesamoid bone?
Navicular bone
What is the structure that surrounds and protects the eye?
Orbital cavity
What is the name of the tract that is a musculo-membranous tube that extends from the
mouth to the anus?
Gastrointestinal tract
What are the two functions of the body of the horse?
Contains vital organs, supports the rider’s weight; transmits the propulsion of the rear quarters
What structure begins the healing process when a bone fracture occurs?
Periosteum
Dark spots on a white coronet band are called what?
Distal spots
What is the lining of the abdominal wall called?
Peritoneum
The walls of the heart are composed of three layers. What are they?
Pericardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
What are the small extensions of bone on each side of the coffin bone called?
Wings of the coffin bone
Which artery carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs?
Pulmonary
Q.: The blood supply to the foot is furnished by what two digital arteries?
A.: Medial and lateral
Q.: What is osteomalacia?
A.: Soft bones
Q.: What is the primary function of the sole of the horse’s foot?
A.: To protect the sensitive inner foot parts from injury by hard objects on the ground
Q.: What is the pharynx?
A.: The opening between the nasal passages
Q.: What acts as a splint to prevent displacement of the fibula?
A.: Tibia
Q.: What is the main bone in the Gaskin?
A.: Tibia
Q.: What is a common name for the distal sesamoid bone?
A.: Shuttle or Navicular bone
Q.: Equus appeared in what epoch?
A.: Pleistocene Epoch
Q.: What is a common name for torticollis?
A.: Dropped neck or bent back
Q.: How is the scapula attached to the vertebral column?
A.: Muscular sling - by muscle; no bone connection
Q.: What does the term “roached back” mean when describing a horse?
A.: That the horse has a thin, sharp, arched back
Q.: The inflammation affecting the fine membrane that lines the chest and covers the lungs is known as what?
A.: Pleurisy, Pleuritis
Q.: What is the largest ligament found in the leg?
A.: Suspensory ligament
Q.: If something was said to be intercostal, where would it be located?
A.: Between the ribs
Q.: What is the proper name for the horse’s shoulder blade?
A.: Scapula
Q.: What is the horse’s auricle?
A.: External ear, or heart chamber
Q.: Muscles are attached to bones by what?
A.: Tendons
Q.: The ossa coxarum of a horse is also known as what?
A.: The pelvis or hipbones
Q.: Name the four major parts of the hoof.
A.: Bones, elastic structure, sensitive area, horny wall
Q.: What is olecranon bursitis?
A.: Capped elbow or shoe boil
Q.: Where is the hypothalamus located?
A.: At the base of the brain
Q.: What is the difference between the 8 pairs of true ribs and the remaining 10 pairs of floating ribs?
A.: The true ribs join segments of the sternum (Breast bone) the floating ribs overlap and attach to each other
Q.: How many carpal bones are there in the knee and how are they arranged?
A.: 8 carpal bones, arranged in two rows consisting of 3 articulating surfaces
Q.: What is the fluid-filled space between the iris and cornea called?
A.: Anterior chamber
Q.: How many turbinates are in each nostril?
A.: Three
Q.: In what part of the body would one find the nictitating membrane?
A.: In the eye (the haw or third eyelid)
Q.: Why is the lower leg of the horse used to estimate bone quality?
A.: No muscle there
Q.: If a horse is sickle-hocked, excessive strain will be placed on what ligament?
A.: The plantar ligament at the rear of the hock
Q.: Name three cranial nerves.
A.: Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial,
Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Accessory, Hypoglossal, Vagus
Q.: Which teeth have a dental star?
A.: (Permanent) Incisors
Q.: What are the five divisions of the vertebral column and how many bones does each area
Q.: What are the five divisions of the vertebral column and how many bones does each area contain?
A.: Cervical or neck - 7; dorsal or back - 18; lumbar or loin - 6; Coccygeal or tail - 18; sacrum or croup - 6
Q.: The frontal, inferior maxillary and superior maxillary all refer to what in the horse?
A.: The three sinuses
Q.: Name the seven joints in the hind quarter.
A.: Sacro-iliac, Hip, Stifle, Hock, Fetlock, Pastern, Coffin
Q.: These two joints in the rear leg have reciprocal action. Name them.
A.: Hock and stifle
Q.: What is the white line in the hoof?
A.: Junction between the sensitive and insensitive laminae
Q.: What is the purpose of the nictitating membrane in the horse?
A.: To wipe foreign objects from the eye
Q.: As you know, the muscles of the horse’s body are classified as smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. Which are involuntary and which are voluntary?
A.: Smooth - involuntary ; Cardiac - involuntary; Skeletal - voluntary
Q.: What is the track-like structure on which the patella rides ?
A.: Trochlea
Q.: The skeletal system is divided into 6 areas in Horses and Horsemanship by Ensminger, what two areas each contain 40 bones?
A.: Thoracic Limbs and Pelvic Limbs
Q.: Name the ductless gland located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm.
A.: Spleen
Q.: This fluid fills the sheaths which fits around the tendons and lines the inside of joints. What is it called?
A.: Synovial fluid
Q.: The exposed tip of the pulp cavity which appears between the area of the cup and the front of the tooth is known as what?
A.: Dental star
Q.: What are the four different types of bones in the body of the horse and what is their function?
A.: Long Bones - function chiefly as levers and aid in the support of weight and locomotion; Short Bones - absorb concussion; Flat Bones - enclose the cavities contain vital organs; Irregular Bones - Protect central nervous system
Q.: Name the three layers of the wall surrounding the heart.
A.: Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
Q.: Gonitis affects what part of the horse?
A.: The stifle joint
Q.: A cataract is formed when what portion of the eye becomes opaque?
A.: The lens
Q.: What is the difference between luxation and subluxation?
A.: A partial dislocation of a joint is subluxation; complete is luxation
Q.: What is the name and function of the substance contained in the anterior chamber of the eye?
A.: Aqueous humor - circulates through chambers, aiding nutrition and vision, retains shape of eye, refracts light
Q.: Name the three bones within the hoof.
A.: Short Pastern Bone, Coffin Bone, Navicular Bone
Q.: Specifically, what part of the foot produces the periople?
A.: Perioplic Corium
Q.: What are the first two cervical vertebrae called?
A.: Atlas & axis
Q.: What is the name of the flap of tissue that covers the opening into the windpipe during swallowing?
A.: Epiglottis
Q.: What is the name of the longest and largest muscle in the body of the horse?
A.: Longissimus dorsi
Q.: If something was said to be interosseus where would it be located on the horse?
A.: Between bones
