Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
How many bones are in the sternum?
A
1
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
2
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae does the horse have?
A
18
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91
3
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae does the horse have?
A
6
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91
4
Q
How many sacral vertebrae does the horse have?
A
5
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91
5
Q
Which bone in the horse’s body is the heaviest and strongest?
A
Femur
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 687
6
Q
What is the general term for the last 10 pairs of ribs that are not connected to the sternum?
A
False ribs or floating ribs
Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 104
7
Q
How many pairs of ribs are true?
A
8
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 26
8
Q
How many pairs of ribs are false?
A
10
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 27
9
Q
How many bones are in the horse’s hoof?
A
3
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 696
10
Q
Is the horses eyeball larger or smaller than an elephant and whale?
A
Larger
Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 60
11
Q
Approximately how many degrees can the horse rotate each ear?
A
180 degrees
Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 62
12
Q
How much of the horses total body weight is made up of water?
A
65-75%
Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 62
13
Q
What is the term for an eye that is small and set back into the head?
A
Pig-eye
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 124
14
Q
What is the spasmodic muscle contraction that produces heat to help maintain body temperature?
A
Shivering
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 104
15
Q
Which organ in the horse stores vitamin A?
A
Liver
Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 730-2 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 252
16
Q
Name two areas of hair on the horse that do not shed.
A
Eyelashes, Tail, Mane, Tactile hairs of the muzzle
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129
17
Q
What color are a horse’s hooves usually at birth?
A
White
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 82
18
Q
What is the normal color of a horse’s eye?
A
Brown
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 82
19
Q
How often does a horse shed?
A
Twice a year
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129
20
Q
Where is the hoof wall the thickest?
A
At the toe
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 695
21
Q
Name the four classifications of bones in the horse.
A
Long, short, flat, irregular
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
22
Q
Bones are held together by what?
A
Ligaments
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
23
Q
Muscles are attached to bones by what?
A
Tendons
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
24
Q
Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints?
A
Hind legs
Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
25
What is the hair called that falls on the face between the ears?
The forelock
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142
26
Name the four components of the horse's topline.
Withers, Back, Loin, Croup
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6
27
What does the panniculus muscle do in the horse?
It moves the skin and shakes flies off the horse.
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 203
28
Name the two bones which make up the forearm.
Radius and Ulna
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97
29
What is another name for the scapula?
Shoulder blade
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97
30
The heart is composed of how many chambers?
4
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 111
31
What is the area of the nose called that encompasses the nostrils, lips and chin?
Muzzle
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 184
32
What part of the horse is located between the back and the croup?
Loin
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 32 / Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 26
33
What in the eye covers the lens, admits light and is transparent?
Cornea
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 69
34
How many bones are in the horse's vertebral column?
54
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 26
35
Where on the horse would there be no sweat glands?
Legs
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129
36
What is another name for the horse's ankle joint?
Fetlock
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 106, 216
37
The heart, blood, veins and arteries make up what body system?
Circulatory System
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 57
38
Name 4 of the 7 joints of the hind limb.
Sacroiliac, hip, stifle, hock, fetlock, pastern, coffin
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
39
Name the system responsible for collecting and removing the fluid waste from the body.
Urinary System
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 280
40
Give an example of a flat bone in the skeleton of the horse.
Skull, ribs
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
41
What is another term for the sense of smell?
Olfactory Sense
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 61
42
Which type of bones provides large areas for the attachment of muscles?
Flat bones
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90
43
Name the bones that are encased in the horse's hoof.
Coffin, Navicular, Short Pastern Bone
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 201 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5
44
Where would you find ring bone?
Pastern
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 157
45
Movement of air into and out of the lungs is referred to as what?
Respiration
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 108
46
How does the stomach of the horse compare with other farm animals?
It is the smallest
| Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 28
47
Where are the chestnuts located on an ass/donkey?
On the front legs only, they do not have them on the hind legs
(Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 21)
48
Describe the movement of the jaw when a horse is chewing.
Jaw movement is vertical (up & down) and lateral (side to side)
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 93)
49
What term is used to refer to a male horse that has been castrated after having reached maturity?
A stag
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 529
50
If an animal has had its ears cut or frozen off, what is it known as?
Crop-eared
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 73
51
The top of a horse's head just back of the ears is called what?
Poll
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
52
What is the main purpose of the red blood cells?
To transport oxygen in the blood
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 830-1
53
What is the easiest way to determine if the cardiovascular system is working?
Heart rate
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 830-1
54
On what part of the mouth does the bit rest?
Bars
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 29
55
Who has better hearing - you or your horse?
Horse
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 121
56
What part of the foot is between the wall & frog?
Sole
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-1
57
What part of the horse is important in keeping the saddle in place?
Withers
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6
58
How many bones does the horse have?
205
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90 / Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 246
59
On average, how many coccygeal vertebrae does the horse have?
18
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 96
60
What are the names of the first two vertebrae?
Atlas and Axis
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91
61
Name the vertebral section found in the tail.
Coccygeal vertebrae
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 96
62
What is the name for the soft, spongy wedge-shaped structure on the bottom of the horse's foot?
Frog
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 695
63
What is the nasal cavity?
The passageway for the respiratory system
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 187
64
True or False: 75 to 80% of foal body weight is water.
True
| Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 32
65
What is another name for the knee bones?
Carpals (carpus bones)
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97, 684
66
A horse uses what two parts of its body to aid in stability and balance?
The head and neck
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 141
67
The tactile sense controls what?
The sense of touch
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 64
68
What is the largest bone in the horse's head?
Mandible
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 91
69
What is the proper name for the fluid that lubricates the horse's eye?
Lacrimal fluid
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 125
70
Name three areas that are sensitive to the touch on the horse.
Flank, ears, withers, muzzle, lower legs, rib area, girth area, head, mouth
(Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 65)
71
What is the ideal slope of the shoulder?
45-50 degrees
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6
72
Name the three classifications of the muscles in the horse.
Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 99 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 840-1
73
Why should the ribs be long and well sprung on a horse?
It indicates ample space for the horse's heart and lungs
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 151
74
What can happen if the pastern is too straight?
It does not cushion the shock of the foot striking the ground and can lead to serious damage as well as a rough ride
(Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 11)
75
Another name for the hamstring is what?
Achilles Tendon
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 100
76
Name the two major components that blood consists of.
Plasma and Cells
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 117
77
What number of heart sounds is frequently audible in horses?
4
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 136
78
Name 3 long bones
Shoulder, Forearm, Croup, Gaskin
| Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 9
79
The thoracic cavity contains the vital organs of what three systems?
Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97
80
The horny growth on the back of the fetlock is called what?
Ergot
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 99
81
What joint is located between the gaskin & cannon?
Hock
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 8
82
The v-shaped pad in the middle of the sole is......?
Frog
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 201
83
True or False: The horse does not have a gall bladder?
True
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 111
84
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
85
What is the name of the short, funnel shaped tube between the mouth and esophagus?
Pharynx
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 705-1
86
What flap of tissue prevents food from passing into the larynx?
Epiglottis
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105
87
This artery carries blood away from the left ventricle of the heart.
Dorsal Aorta
88
What is the function of the panniculous muscle and where is it located?
A muscle under the skin that enables horses to flick off flies
(Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 203)
89
What is the largest tissue mass in the horse's body?
Muscles
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 840-1 / The Horse, Evans, p. 99
90
What serves as the passageway to the respiratory system?
Nasal Cavity
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 187
91
Name 2 types of body hair.
Dense undercoat and guard hairs
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129
92
What is the junction of the horse's tibia and patella in the hind leg called?
Stifle
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 28, 530
93
Where is the elbow?
The joint formed at the upper back of the foreleg
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 89
94
Where is the forearm?
Part of the horse's foreleg between the elbow joint and the knee
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142)
95
The stifle joint is anatomically equivalent to the human....?
Knee
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 256 / Horses and Horsemanship, Ensminger, p. 28, 67, 530
96
What is the hock?
The joint between the cannon and the gaskin in the hind leg
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142
97
What is the largest joint in the horse's body?
Stifle
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 691
98
This tube connects the throat to the lungs at the point where they branch to form the bronchi, what is it?
Trachea
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105
99
Urine is the filtrate of which organ?
Kidney
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 119
100
What is another name for the coffin bone?
Pedal bone
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 207 / The Horse, Evans, p. 98
101
What is the term that refers to the amount of blood pumped from the heart during each beat?
Cardiac output
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 48
102
What is the common opening between the nasal passage and the mouth?
Pharynx
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 105
103
What is another name for the distal sesamoid bone?
Navicular Bone
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
104
Why is it important for a horse to have large nostrils?
It allows for maximum air intake since horses cannot breathe through the mouth
(Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 9)
105
Which joint is associated with the kneecap or patella?
Stifle
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
106
What is the carpus?
The knee
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 48
107
Give the functions of the flat bones in the skeleton of a horse.
Encloses cavities containing the vital organs, provides areas for the attachment of muscle
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90)
108
How many pairs of ribs does the horse have?
18
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97
109
What term refers to the area of the hind leg between the stifle and hock joint?
Gaskin
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, 26
110
Explain the difference in the shape of the hind foot from that of the fore foot.
The toe of the hind foot is more pointed and the sole is more concave
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 692)
111
What percentage of a horse's weight is carried on the front legs?
60-65%
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 145
112
Name the first bone of the hind leg.
Pelvic Girdle or Os Coxae
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 687
113
The words foot and hoof do not mean the same thing. Foot refers to what?
Hoof wall and all the structures it contains
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 692
114
How many muscles control the movement of the horse's eyeball?
Seven
115
The increased height of the 3rd, 4th, & 5th thoracic vertebrae form what part of the horse?
Withers
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 97
116
Name and explain the function of the four classifications of bones.
Long - levers and aid in support of weight; Short - absorb concussion; Flat - enclose vital organs and provide areas for muscles to attach; Irregular - protect the central nervous system
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 90)
117
Together the first and second phalanxes form what part of the horse?
Pastern
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
118
What is the fluid part of the blood called?
Plasma
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 214
119
What is the main bone of the gaskin?
Tibia
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98
120
What is the purpose of the long feeler hairs around the muzzle?
Help the horse make contact with its surroundings, especially in the dark
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 129)
121
What are the thick-walled, muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 15
122
Where are the chestnuts on the front legs?
Above the knees on the inside of the forearm
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 55
123
What are the microscopic vessels with thin walls that form a network of connecting tubes between arteries and veins?
Capillaries
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 47
124
What are the chestnuts?
The horny growths on the inside of the horse's leg
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 55
125
What is the main role of the hindquarters of the horse?
They provide the force for propulsion
| Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 7
126
Considered as a unit, the skin, hair and hooves of the horse acts as the largest single organ of the horse's body. Give the name.
Integument
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 128
127
What cartilage closes the air passage when food is swallowed?
Epiglottis
| Source: Illustrated Dictionary of Equine Terms, p. 97 / The Horse, Evans, p. 105
128
The mouth is the passage way to the digestive tract. Give another name for the mouth.
Oral passage, buccal cavity
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 92
129
When a horse is chewing, why is the jaw movement vertical and lateral?
The upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 93
130
What do you call the measurement around the horse's body just back of the withers?
Girth (Heartgirth)
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
131
Where is the gaskin located?
Below the stifle
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
132
On a horse, what do you call the distinct space between the jawbone & neck?
Throatlatch
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
133
What bone is located between the cannon bone & the short pastern?
Long pastern
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5
134
What bone is located at the lowest point in the hoof?
Coffin bone
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-5
135
What is the name of the joint above the pastern?
Fetlock
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
136
What is the cannon?
The lower leg bone below the knee and hock & above the fetlock
(Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3)
137
Where is the croup?
The part of the back just in front of the tail
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
138
A third eyelid or membrane in front of the eye which removes foreign bodies from the eye is called what?
Haw (nicitating membrane)
| Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 4 / The Horse, Evans, p. 126
139
What is an ergot?
A horny growth behind the fetlock joint
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 128
140
Where is the pastern found?
Between the coronet band & the fetlock
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
141
Where is the coronet band located?
It is the hairline above the hoof
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
142
Where is the crest?
Area located under the mane; top line of the neck
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142
143
The heart, arteries, capillaries and veins of the horse make up what system?
Cardiovascular System
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 111
144
What part of the horse needs to be deep & fairly thick with good V-muscling?
Chest
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 152
145
What is another term for the trunk area of the horse?
Barrel
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
146
In connection with the eye, what does the term "haw" mean?
A third eyelid or membrane that removes foreign bodies from the eye (nicitating membrane)
(Source: Horse Science (National 4-H Council), p. 4 / The Horse, Evans, p. 126)
147
What is located between the forehead & muzzle?
Face
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
148
What joint is located between the shoulder & knee?
Elbow
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
149
What joint is located between the elbow & fetlock?
Knee
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
150
The part of the horse between the withers & loin is called what?
Back
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
151
What do you call the part of the foot that's around the outside of the hoof?
Wall
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 505-1
152
The elbow, knee & fetlock are all joints on which leg?
Front
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
153
The stifle, hock & fetlock are all joints on which leg?
Rear
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
154
What part of the horse lies between the knee & fetlock?
Cannon
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
155
What part of the horse is located directly above the stifle?
Thigh
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142
156
What is the part of the horse located between the rump & the quarter?
Buttocks
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 142
157
How many pasterns does a horse have & what is the best angle?
Four pasterns - 45-50 degree angle is best
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 230-6
158
What is located between the elbow & the knee?
The forearm
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
159
What is the term for the area between the last rib & the croup?
Coupling or loin
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-6
160
What is another name for the fetlock joint?
Ankle
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
161
Give 2 names for the area of the horse between the loin & the buttock.
Croup, Rump
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 152
162
Why is it difficult for cuts, bruises, etc. to heal below the knees or hocks?
There are no muscles below knees & hocks; therefore the blood supply is limited
(Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 98)
163
What do you call the curved covering of horn over the foot?
Hoof
| Source: AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
164
What is the purpose of the deep flexor tendon?
Flexes the hoof for each step
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 48
165
What is the purpose of the extensor tendon?
Causes the extension of the hoof for each step
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 48
166
What is the name for the part of the horse located at the junction of the neck & back?
Withers
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 151 / AYHC Horse Industry Handbook, 220-3
167
How many teats does a mare have?
Two
| Source: The Horse, Evans, p. 322
168
What part of the foot is located between the plantar cushion & the insensitive frog?
Sensitive frog
| Source: Horses and Horsemanship (National 4-H Council), p. 49
169
What is the tactile sense?
The sense of touch
| Source: Equine Science, Griffiths, p. 64
