Intro to General and Applied MSK Anatomy

Question 1

Rostral and caudal are only used to descrive the structures within the central nervous system above the level of the spinal cord (brainstep, cerebrum and cerebellum)

rostal refers to the __- aspect of the head, and caudal refers to the ___ aspect of the head

Answer 1

· Rostral therefore refers to the anterior (front) aspect of the head.

· In this context, caudal refers to the posterior (back) of the head.

Question 2

6 components of axial skeleton

Answer 2

skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs and sternum

Question 3

components of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

clavicle, scapula, pelvis and bones of the upper and lower extremities

Question 4

lable the planes

Answer 4

Question 5

the posterior rami of intercostal and lumbar nerves supply the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back

Answer 5

the skeletal muscles are operated by somatic motor nerves, efferents, and dermatomes– and other structures sending sensroy information through the sensory nerves (afferents)

it is valuable to have a snese of segmental nerve patterns. at eash vertebral levels, 2 nerve roots on each side connect to the spinal cord; posteriorly/dorsal root gang– the sensory route/ramus, and anterior motor nerve

as these exit the interveterbral formane at each vertebra, the two roots joint to form a primary ramus, or segmental nerve.

Question 6

outline the segmental nerve organization of posteiror root, anterior root, primary ramus, white and grey rami,

posterior ramus, and andteiror ramus

Answer 6

Question 7

· The anterior/ventral root contains efferent nerve fibres, which carry stimuli away from the ___ towards their ___ structures (motor)

o The cell bodies of the ventral roots are located in the ___ ___ ___ of the spinal cord.

o ___ neurons controlling skeletal muscle, as well as preganglionic autonomic neurons are located in the ____ roots.

· The posterior/dorsal root contains __ nerve fibres, which return sensory information from the ___ and ___ to the ___.

o The cell bodies of the dorsal roots are not located in the central grey matter in the spinal cord, but instead in a structure called the ___ ____ ganglion.

· The anterior and posterior roots join to form the spinal nerve proper, containing a mixture of ___, ____ amd ____ fibers

Answer 7

· The anterior/ventral root contains efferent nerve fibres, which carry stimuli away from the CNS towards their target structures (motor)

o The cell bodies of the ventral roots are located in the central grey matter of the spinal cord.

o Motor neurons controlling skeletal muscle, as well as preganglionic autonomic neurons are located in the ventral roots.

· The posterior/dorsal root contains afferent nerve fibres, which return sensory information from the trunk and limbs to the CNS.

o The cell bodies of the dorsal roots are not located in the central grey matter in the spinal cord, but instead in a structure called the dorsal root ganglion.

· The anterior and posterior roots join to form the spinal nerve proper, containing a mixture of sensory, motor, and autonomic fiber

Question 8

a true nerve contains both ___ and sensory ___.

besides the branches that carry the sympathetic nerve vfibers, the ___ ____, the segmentl nerve has two branches:

1. posterior that serves the back, the ___ muscles
2. the anterior branch that serves the rest of the ___ muscle (extremities)

Answer 8

a true nerve contains both motor and sensory components.

besides the branches that carry the sympathetic nerve vfibers, the rami communicans, the segmentl nerve has two branches:

1. posterior that serves the back, the EPAXIAL muscles
2. the anterior branch that serves the rest of the HYPAXIAL muscle (extremities)

Question 9

Note: the basic nerve pattern is repeated for every nerve segmented post-cranially below the head.

note the cutaneous branches will be carrying somatic sensory fibers serving the dermatome assoiciated with that segment.

Answer 9

note that the ramus communicans (white and grey) are aspects of sympathetic ganglion

Question 10

the posterior rami are generally small and located deep in the ______ muscles of the back. however, ____ muscle is dominant in the neck reigon to help support the head; the posterior rami of that region are larger and are given their own names– label this diagam

Answer 10

the posterior rami are generally small and located deep in the intrinsic muscles of the back. however, epaxial muscle is dominant in the neck reigon to help support the head; the posterior rami of that region are larger and are given their own names

Question 11

innervation of muscle:

a motor unit is comprised of the ____ and m___uscle fibers. derived from a single segmenet originating with the ____. however, musles can be composed of fibers from multipel segments, which happens in the ____ muscles. it is possible for a muscle to be innervated by a ___ or by multiple nerve segments.

note that for a multisegment-innervated muscle, the segments involved will be ____ to each other.

Answer 11

innervation of muscle:

a motor unit is comprised of the nerve and muscle fibers. derived from a single segmenet originating with the somite. however, musles can be composed of fibers from multipel segments, which happens in the limb muscles. it is possible for a muscle to be innervated by a single or by multiple nerve segments.

note that for a multisegment-innervated muscle, the segments involved will be adacent to each other.

Question 12

note: each of the dermatome segments are innervated by their respective sensory nerve.

Question 13

comparments of a muscle/organ is separated by ____ and ____, connective tissue sheaths that derive blocks of muscle and other structures.

Answer 13

separated by septa and fascia

Question 14

aponeurosis vs tendon vs ligament

Answer 14

fascia is a form of connective tissue, just not as robust as most tendons and ligaments. another form of CT is an aponeurosis– a broad sheet that can attach sheet-like muscles like latissimus dorsi.

Question 15

superficial vs deep fascia:

Superficial fascia, a layer of varying thickness that lies deep to the skin, is composed of ___ ____ tissue and ___. Superficial ___ and ____ traverse this layer.

Deep fascia, a ___ connective tissue layer, lies under (deep to) the superficial fascia and is devoid of ___. It forms an investing layer, which envelops ____ structures and muscles of the limbs, trunk wall, head, and neck. Invaginations of the deep fascia of the limbs form ___ ___ that separate limb musculature into functional groups (______).

Answer 15

Superficial fascia, a layer of varying thickness that lies deep to the skin, is composed of loose connective tissue and fat. Superficial nerves and vessels traverse this layer.

Deep fascia, a dense connective tissue layer, lies under (deep to) the superficial fascia and is devoid of fat. It forms an investing layer, which envelops neurovascular structures and muscles of the limbs, trunk wall, head, and neck. Invaginations of the deep fascia of the limbs form intermuscular septa that separate limb musculature into functional groups (compartments).