CV/Resp: Part 1

Question 1

what aspects of the cv resp system is in the mediastinum

Answer 1

heart, trachea, great vessels, esophagus

Question 2

The __ is the area of the thorax located between the two pleural sacs and encloses most of the organs found in the thorax. The mediastinum can be split into the __ and __ mediastinum. The inferior mediastinum itself can be further divided into the __, middle and __ __, which all lie between the __ __ and the diaphragm.

The heart and great vessels reside in the __ mediastinum.

Answer 2

The mediastinum is the area of the thorax located between the two pleural sacs and encloses most of the organs found in the thorax. The mediastinum can be split into the superior and inferior mediastinum. The inferior mediastinum itself can be further divided into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum, which all lie between the sternal angle and the diaphragm.

The heart and great vessels reside in the middle mediastinum.

Question 3

The arterial supply to the thorax derives from:
• The thoracic aorta, which gives rise to the ___ intercostal and ___ arteries.

• The subclavian artery, which gives rise to the __ thoracic and ____ intercostal arteries. The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the ___ thoracic arteries.
• The axillary artery, which gives rise to the ___ and ___ thoracic arteries.

Answer 3

The arterial supply to the thorax derives from:
• The thoracic aorta, which gives rise to the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries.

• The subclavian artery, which gives rise to the internal thoracic and supreme intercostal arteries. The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the internal thoracic arteries.
• The axillary artery, which gives rise to the superior and lateral thoracic arteries.

Question 4

three main arteries that the thorax arterial supply is derived from

Answer 4

1. thoracic artery
2. subclavian artery
3. axillary artery

Question 5

The subclavian artery, which gives rise to the __ thoracic and ___ intercostal arteries. The ___ intercostal arteries arise from the internal thoracic arteries.

Answer 5

The subclavian artery, which gives rise to the internal thoracic and supreme intercostal
arteries. The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the internal thoracic arteries.

Question 6

label

Answer 6

The arterial supply to the thorax derives from:
• The thoracic aorta, which gives rise to the posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries.

• The subclavian artery, which gives rise to the internal thoracic and supreme intercostal arteries. The anterior intercostal arteries arise from the internal thoracic arteries

. • The axillary artery, which gives rise to the superior and lateral thoracic arteries.

Question 7

Each artery has an accompanying vein. In addition to those mentioned above, the thorax is drained by three additional veins that do not have corresponding arteries:

The ___ vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen, and joins the superior
vena cava before it enters the heart.

• The ___ vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen below T9, where it joins the azygos vein.
• The __ ___ vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax between T5-8, where it joins the azygos vein.

Answer 7

The azygos vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen, and joins the superior
vena cava before it enters the heart.

• The hemiazygos vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen below T9, where it joins the azygos vein.
• The accessory hemiazygous vein drains the posterior walls of the thorax between T5-8, where it joins the azygos vein.

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

the thorax is innervated by 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves:

the anterior rami of T __ -__ from the intercostal nerves, and the anteiror rami of T__ forms the subcostal nerve

Answer 9

The thorax is innervated by 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves:
• The anterior rami of T1-11 form the intercostal nerves

• The anterior ramus of T12 forms the subcostal nerve

Question 10

the diaphragm is innervated by the ___ nerve (C__ to __)

Answer 10

the phrenic nerve C3-C5

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 14

label the nerves of the thorax

Answer 14

Question 15

costal groove

Answer 15

lovation where a vein, artery and enrve run in on the inferior edge of each rib

Question 16

the heart and pericardial caivty are lined by a membrane called the __, a __ –__ fluid filled sack that surrounds the muscualr body of the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

Answer 16

called the pericardiu, a fibro-serous sac.

Question 17

the ___ pericardium is continuous with the ___ tendon of the diaphgram. Made of tough connective tissue and relatively non-diistensible. forms the extenral ineleastic layer

Answer 17

the FIBROUS pericardium is continous wiht the CENTRAL tendon of the diaphram.

Question 18

the serous pericardium (enclosed within the fibrous pericardium) has 2 layers:

Answer 18

the outer parietyal layer that lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium,

2. the internal visceral layer that forms the outer layer of the heart (also known as the epicardium).
   - each layer is made uup of a single sheet of epithelial cells, known as the mesothelium.

Question 19

label

Answer 19

The order of these layers can be remembered using the acronym Fart Police Smell Villains:
• F – Fibrous layer of the pericardium
• P – Parietal layer of the serous pericardium
• S – Serous fluid
• V – Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

outline how cardiac tamponade affects the heart via pericardium

Answer 21

The relatively inextensible fibrous pericardium can cause problems when there is an accumulation of fluid, known as pericardial effusion, within the pericardial cavity. The rigid pericardium cannot expand, and thus the heart is subject to the resulting increased pressure. The chambers can become compressed, thus compromising cardiac output.

Question 22

the innermost layer of the cardiac wall is known as the ___. it lines the caviies and the valves of the hart

Answer 22

endocardium

Endocarditis refers to inflammation of the endocardium. It most commonly occurs on the valves of the heart, which the endocardium lines.

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

two types of anginga

Answer 24

stable and unstable.

Unstable angina does not require exertion to set off symptoms. • Both these conditions can be treated with GTN spray. Unstable angina is the more serious of the
two, and is more likely to progress to a myocardial infarction.

Question 25

Heart muscle:

The smooth muscle of the heart is organized into a __ arrangement
• This arrangement facilitates a wringing motion during contraction, which efficiently empties the ventricles

The muscle fibers of the heart are anchored to the __ skeleton, which consists of four fibrous __ and a fibrous __. The fibrous skeleton also:
• Supports the valves of the heart
• Insulates the atria from the ventricles

Answer 25

The smooth muscle of the heart is organized into a helical arrangement
• This arrangement facilitates a wringing motion during contraction, which efficiently empties the ventricles

The muscle fibers of the heart are anchored to the fibrous skeleton, which consists of four fibrous rings and a fibrous trigone. The fibrous skeleton also:
• Supports the valves of the heart
• Insulates the atria from the ventricles

Question 26

S U L C I O F T H E H E A R T

The coronary sulcus (or atrioventricular groove) runs transversely around the heart – it represents the wall dividing the a___ from the __.

The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci can be found running vertically on their respective sides of the heart. They represent the wall separating the ___. Location of the internal interventricular septum.

Answer 26

The coronary sulcus (or atrioventricular groove) runs transversely around the heart – it represents the wall dividing the atria from the ventricles.

The anterior and posterior interventricular sulci can be found running vertically on their respective sides of the heart. They represent the wall separating the ventricles.

Question 27

auricles

Question 28

label the atrial auricle and papillary muscle

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

great vessels are located in the __ mediatsinum

Answer 30

middle

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

3 branches off the aortic arch that supply the head and neck

Answer 32

1 .brachiocephalic trunk

2. left common carotid artery
3. left subclavian artery,

Question 33

outline the branches of the aortic arch (3)

Answer 33

Question 34

Systemic blood from the head, neck, and part of the thorax is returned to the right atrium via the _ vena cava, whose major tributaries are the __ veins and the __ vein.

Systemic blood from the rest of the body is returned to the right atrium via the inferior vena cava.

Answer 34

Systemic blood from the head, neck, and part of the thorax is returned to the right atrium via the superior vena cava, whose major tributaries are the brachiocephalic veins and the azygos vein.

Question 36

Systemic blood from the heart is returned to the right atrium via the __ __. Pulmonary blood is distributed to the lungs via the pulmonary __. Pulmonary blood is returned to the heart via the pulmonary __

Answer 36

Systemic blood from the heart is returned to the right atrium via the coronary sinus. Pulmonary blood is distributed to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary blood is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins

Question 37

__ shock is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself.

Answer 37

Obstructive shock is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself.

• Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are considered forms of obstructive shock. Obstructive shock has much in common with cardiogenic shock, and the two are frequently grouped together.