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BAMS > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The oral mucosa and innate immune cells produce…

A

Cytokines and chemokines which orchestrate the immune response

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2
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small proteins that act as signalling molecules to co ordinate immune response

Can be autocrine, paracrine and endocrine

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3
Q

What are chemokines

A

Small proteins that are involved in directing cells to the site of infection

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4
Q

What is the difference between chemokines and cytokines

A

Chemokines direct cells to the site of infection and cytokines tell cells what to do when they arrive at the site of infection

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5
Q

What is the most abundant cell type at the oral mucosa

A

Neutrophils are the most abundant, they increase in number during inflammation

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6
Q

What do cell adhesion molecules control

A

They control interactions between immune cells and endothelial cells

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7
Q

How are neutrophils attracted to the site of infection

A

Neutrophils are attracted along a CXCL8 gradient to the site of infection

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8
Q

What are the 3 main families of adhesions

A
  • selectins
  • intergrins
  • immunoglobulin superfamily

Promote cell to cell interactions

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9
Q

What are cell adhesion molecules important for

A

Promote cell to cell interactions, important for immune trafficking

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10
Q

What is the role of neutrophils

A

They are phagocytic granulocytes
Their primary function is to engulf and destroy invading pathogens

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11
Q

What is degranulation

A

Main function of neutrophil
Granules in cell containing numerous ntimicrobial peptides and enzymes
Released upon activation of receptors

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12
Q

What are Neutrophil extracellular traps

A
  • activation induces neutrophils to release proteins and some genetic material
  • trap pathogens
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13
Q

What is the role of macrophages

A
  • circulate in blood as precursors called monocytes
  • migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages
  • early responders to infection

Primary function is phagocytosis

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14
Q

What are some other innate immune cells at oral mucosa

A
  • Natural killer cels and innate lymphoid cells
  • mast cells - degranulation
  • dendritic cells - main function is to present antigen to T cells
  • eosinophils and basophils - similar function to neutrophils
  • all can migrate to tissue in similar manner to other cells
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15
Q

What ways can phagocytosis occur

A
  • degradation and removal of the pathogenic threat
  • antigen presentation
  • safely break down and dispose of apoptotic cells
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16
Q

What are the two types of antigen presenting cells

A

Non professional (epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells)
Professional (macrophages and dendritic cells)

17
Q

What are the non professional antigen presenting cells

A

Epithelial cells/fibroblasts/endothelial cells

18
Q

What are the professional types of antigen presenting cell

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

19
Q

What are granules

A

Vesicles containing preformed mediators

20
Q

Give some examples of granules

A
  • proteinases
  • Antimicrobials
  • chemical mediators eg histamine

In response to
MPAMPS
Complement proteins
Cytokines

21
Q

What are the 4 enzymatic cascade systems for plasma factors

A
  • complement
  • kinins
  • coagulation factors
  • fibrinolytic system
22
Q

What is complement

A

A collection of soluble proteins that are present in circulation

23
Q

What is opsonisation

A

Coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins

24
Q

What are the 3 pathways for complement

A

1) classical
2) alternative
3) mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL)

25
Q

What is the classical pathway

A

Antibody attaches to microbe

26
Q

What is the alternative pathway

A

Attaches to microbial cell wall

27
Q

Explain MBL pathway

A

Attaches to carbohydrates on pathogen surface

28
Q

What are anaphylatoxins

A

Glycoproteins such as complement components C3, C4 and C5 that drive immune responses

29
Q

What is the function of anaphylatoxins

A
  • promote immune cell recruitment
    -increase adhesion of cells
  • induces granulation
  • promotes cytokine production
  • induces antigen presentation
  • regulate adaptive immune responses

BAMS (41 decks)

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