Gigival And Periodontal Disease Flashcards
What is periodontology
The study of periodontal tissues in health and disease, including the causes, prevention and treatment of diseases of the periodontal tissues
What are the periodontal tissues
- gingivae
- periodontal ligament
- root cementum
- alveolar bone
What is the cementoenamel junction
Where the enamel meets the cementum and dentine at the root at this level we have junctional epithelium
What is the sulcus
Sulcus area between the free gingiva and surface enamel
What does the inflammation in periodontitis destroy
Soft tissue and the bone
What is periodontal heath the result of
The outcome of the balance between bacteria of the dental plaque and the host immune system
What would periodontal disease show in an X-ray
Bone re absorption, the gingiva wont cover the bone, dentine is exposed to the oral cavity
What is periodontal disease defined as
A group of diseases affecting the periodontal tissues, representing an immune reaction (innate and adaptive) to adjacent microbial plaque
What is periodontitis a progression of
A progression of gingivitis
What is the definition of inflammation
Biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process
What are signs of inflammation
- pain
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- loss of function
What is the problem with diagnosis of periodontitis
No sudden symptoms, therefore may not be detected early enough to treat, people can live with this
What contributes to periodontal disease
- general stress
- additional pathological conditions
- function of the immune system
- genetics
What are some highest risk factors for periodontitis
- diabetes
- smoking ect
What are local risk factors of periodontal disease
risk factors in the mouth
- acquired - plaque, calculus, overhanging and poorly contoured restorations
- anatomical - malpositioned teeth, root groves, con cavities and furcation, enamel pearls
What are the systematic risk factors
- non modifiable - aging, genetic factors
- modifiable - smoking, poorly controlled diabetes, stress, medications, hormonal changes, poor nutrition, socioeconomic status
What the current theory of periodontitis
Keystone - pathogen hypothesis
Accumulation of plaque changes to anaerobic bacteria which is more harmful for the oral cavity
What does the severity of periodontitis depend on
1) number of bacteria
2) virulence of bacteria
3) formation of the biofilm
What is a biofilm
A biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface. These adherent cells are embedded within a self produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) - DNA, proteins, polysacharyde
Where may biofilms form
They may form on living or non living surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial and hospital settings : Biofilms can form inside water and sewage pipes
What can dental plaque be classed as
A type of biofilm
Describe the formation of biofilm
- pellicle (proteins and glicoproteins of saliva - a few minutes to form)
- association, adhesion - trailblazing bacteria - streptococcus, actinomyces - posses adhesion molecules
- growth - microcolonies - production of polysaccharid matrix
- mature biofilm microcolonies transition into metabolic complexes
What can trailblazing in biofilm formation cause
Trailblazing can start a colony, other bacteria can join this, association, adhesion formation of a biofilm on the teeth which will form dental calculus as calcium is associated with this at a certain time
What is keystone bacteria
Certain low abundance microbial pathogens can cause inflammatory disease by increasing the quality of the normal microbiota and by changing its composition and by interfering with the host immune system
What does P gingivalis cause
A prominent component of oral microorganism communities, it is the main pathogen that causes periodontitis
What are the symptoms of periodontitis
- bleeding on brushing
- bad breath and taste
- sensitivity
- drifting teeth
- mobility
- discomfort
Signs in clinical examination of periodontitis
- bleeding on gentle probing
- erythema, fibrosis, swelling
- bone loss
- mobility
- purulence
What is a false pocket
Gingival swelling
What is a true pocket
Loss of attachment
