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BAMS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Give a brief summary of endocrine transmission

A
  • chemical secreted
  • sent to all parts of the body via the blood stream
  • hormones act only in cells with correct membrane receptor proteins
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2
Q

Describe communication by hormones

A
  • many cells in different parts of the body
  • coordinated
  • slow to act
  • effects persist
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3
Q

What are the endocrine glands

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • pancreas (islets)
  • adrenal
  • GI tract endocrine cells
  • gonads (ovaries and testes)
  • placenta
  • pineal gland
  • thymus
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4
Q

What are the two classifications of hormones

A
  • steroids
  • non steroids
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5
Q

What are steroid hormones based on

A

Based on the cholesterol ring structure

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6
Q

Give some examples of steriod hormones

A
  • cortisol
  • aldosterone
  • testosterone
  • oestrogen
  • progesterone
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7
Q

What are non steroid hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives
- amines - adrenaline ect
- noradrenaline
- melatonin
Iodinated amino acids
- triiodothyronine
- tetraiodonthyronine (thyroxine)

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8
Q

What else can non-steroid hormones be composed of

A
  • long chain(proteins) and short chain peptides
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9
Q

Give some examples of some short chain non steroid hormones

A
  • oxytocin
  • somatostatin
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10
Q

Give some examples of long chain non steriod hormones

A
  • growth hormone
  • insulin
  • glucagon
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11
Q

Give some examples of non steriod hormones which are glycoproteins (protein with attached carbohydrate groups to amino acids)

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinizing hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
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12
Q

What are local tissue hormones

A

Some hormone like substances have a local (paracrine) effect
- prostagrandins
- leucotrienes
- thromboxanes

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13
Q

What are the functions of local tissue hormones

A
  • blood flow regulation
  • haemostasis
  • mucosal protection (stomach)
  • inflammation
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14
Q

Why are non steroid hormones commonly referred to as second messengers

A
  • most non steroid hormones act via second messenger systems within the target cell
  • two common ones are cAMP and Ca++
  • steroid hormones can pass through the outer cell and directly reach Intracellular receptors
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15
Q

Give an overview of hormone action

A
  • synthesis and storage
  • release in response and stimulus
  • transport in blood
  • action on target cells (role as 2nd messengers)
  • metabolism and/or excretion
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16
Q

What is the difference between steroid hormones and non steroid hormones

A

Steroid hormones can pass right through the cells on the other hand non-steroid hormones need to activate a second messenger in the cells to induce a response

17
Q

How is the endocrine system commonly controlled

A

Most hormone systems are regulated by negative feedback

18
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone

A

Controls Ca++ concentration in the body

19
Q

What word is used to describe excess secretion of hormones

A

Hypersecretion

20
Q

What word is used to describe decreased secretion of hormones

A

Hyposecretion

21
Q

What word is used to describe more receptors

A

Upregulation

22
Q

What word is used to describe fewer receptors

A

Downregulation

23
Q

What is hyperfunction

A

Excess production and secretion
Upregulation of receptors
Failure to metabolise hormone

24
Q

What is hypofunction

A

Decreased production and secretion
Downregulation of receptors
Receptors non functioning

25
Q

Describe pro hormones

A

Pre-prohormone are inactive forms of the hormone contained in the endoplasmic reticulum > prohormone is a slightly active form of the hormone which is contained within the Golgi apparatus > active hormone is then secreted from the vesicles

26
Q

Why does the body store preprohormones

A

In case the body needs the preprohormone to be converted into the active form

27
Q

Why can people with type 1 diabetes die without adequate glucose

A

The brain will be starved of glucose - hypoglycaemia

28
Q

What organ metabolises hormones

A

Liver

29
Q

What organ is responsible for excreting hormones

A

Kidney

30
Q

What is negative feedback control

A

Most hormone systems are regulated by negative feedback

31
Q

Give an example of negative feedback control

A

Raised blood plasma calcium levels acts on parathyroid glands to reduce secretion of PTH

32
Q

What is the word used to describe excess secretion

A

Hypersecretion

33
Q

What is the word used to describe decreased secretion

A

Hyposecretion

34
Q

What is sensitivity of target cells related to

A

Number of membrane receptors

35
Q

More receptors = …

A

Upregulation

36
Q

Fewer receptors = …

A

Downregulation

37
Q

What are the effects of hyperfunction

A
  • excess production and secretion
  • Upregulation of receptors
  • failure to metabolise hormones
38
Q

Effects of hypofunction

A
  • decreased production and secretion
  • Down-regulation of receptors
  • receptors non functioning

BAMS (41 decks)

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