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BAMS > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity

A

The first line of defence of (non specific) defence whilst adaptive immunity is specific and acquired

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2
Q

What does the adaptive immune response consist of

A

Cell mediated responses and antibody (humoral) responses

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3
Q

Describe T cells

A

T cells drive cell mediated immunity, involves the activation of macrophages,natural killer cells (NK) and antigen specific helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

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4
Q

Describe B cells

A

Produce antibodies and drive humoral immunity

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5
Q

What is a key feature of the adaptive immune system

A

Immunological memory, whereby each pathogen is remembered by a signature T cell and/or B cells

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6
Q

What are the three main receptors in adaptive immunity

A
  • T cell receptor
  • B cell receptor ( immunoglobulins)
  • major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)
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7
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

The Thymus

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8
Q

What peptides do T cells recognise

A

Recognise peptides presented by APCs through the T cell receptor

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9
Q

What is T cell repertoire

A

Diversity is T cell receptor

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10
Q

What is thymus education

A

Checkpoints in place however ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens

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11
Q

What are T helped cells

A

CD4+ function to help supports other immune cells to fight threats

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12
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+ destroy our own cells which have become infected

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13
Q

What are regulatory T cells

A

Regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system

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14
Q

What do all T cells start as

A

Naive cells and they all have specific receptors

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15
Q

What is the CD8 receptor

A

A co receptor that binds to MHC 1

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16
Q

What is a CD4 receptor

A

A co receptor that binds to MHC II

17
Q

What is CD3 receptor

A

A co receptor involved in activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

18
Q

What chains do the majority of T cells express

A

Alpha and beta chains

19
Q

What chains do the minority of T cells express

A

Gamma and delta cells

20
Q

What are the three gene segments that encode the variable region of the T cells

A
  • V (variable) (both alpha and beta chains)
  • D (diversity) (beta chain only)
  • J (joining) (both alpha and beta chains)
21
Q

What are the regions called in the T cells that can change

A
  • constant region
  • variable region
22
Q

What are the genes re arranged by in T cells

A

Somatic recombination

23
Q

What is the process of multiple genes encoding for a T cell receptor called

A

VDJ recombination

24
Q

What enzyme is used for recombination of genes in T cell receptors

A

RAG (recombinase) enzymes

25
Q

Where are T cells educated

A

In the thymus

26
Q

What are the two types of selection

A

T cells interact with thymic cortical epithelial cells in thymus
- positive selection - no recognition = apoptosis
- negative selection - recognition of self antigen = apoptosis

27
Q

What is T cell emigration

A

Positively and negatively selected CD4/CD8+ T cells with rearranged T cell receptors leave the thymus and circulate in blood/lymphatics

Some reside in lymph nodes
They are still classes as naive

28
Q

What cells prime naive T cells

A

Mature dendritic cells

29
Q

What three signals are required for the priming of T cells

A

Signal 1 = activation of T cells
Signal 2 = survival and clonal expansion of T cells - signal 1 but no signal 2 is known as anergy
Signal 3 = differentiation into subsets of effector T cells (specifically CD4+ helper cells)

30
Q

What is the role of CD4+ T cell subsets (TH1 cells)

A

Main role is macrophage function
Source of interferon - delta

31
Q

What is the main role of CD4+ T cell subsets - Treg cells

A

Regulatory T cells that function in immune suppression
Release inhibitory cytokines
Inhibit T cell activation and dendritic cell activation

32
Q

What can happen if there are not enough Treg cells

A

Extensive inflammation

33
Q

What is the function of CD8+ T cells

A

Induce host cells to undergo apoptosis

34
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells release

A

Granzyme/perforin

BAMS (41 decks)

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