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BAMS > Accute Inflammation > Flashcards

Accute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation

A
  • response of living tissue to infection/damage
  • develops quickly
  • initiation for innate immunity
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2
Q

What are the three main processes involved in inflammation

A
  • vascular dilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • neutrophil activation and migration
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3
Q

What are the main causes of acute inflammation

A
  • microbial infections
  • physical agents
  • irritant and corrosive chemicals
  • tissue necrosis
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4
Q

What are some consequences of acute inflammation

A
  • redness (rubor)
  • heat (calor)
  • pain (Dolor)
  • loss of function
  • swelling (tumor)
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5
Q

What is hyperaemia

A

Increased blood flow

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6
Q

What is oedema

A

Accumulation of fluid in extra vascular space

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7
Q

Describe acute inflammation in gingivitis

A

Initiation - microbes in dental plaque recognised by gingival epithelial cells via pattern recognition receptors
Progression - containment of microbes by innate immune cells and Antimicrobial compounds
Amplification - recruitment and activation of innate immune cells via chemokine/cytokine activity and vascular dilation
Resolution - healing and repair

No resolution - progression to periodontitis

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8
Q

Describe amplification in gingivitis

A

Bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, swelling and heat

Inflammatory cells migrate into tissues releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

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9
Q

What are vascular responses to acute inflammation

A
  • small blood vessels become dilated
  • endothelial cells sweat and retract
  • exudation - vessels become leaky and allow passage of water, salts and some proteins
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10
Q

What is an oedema

A

Defined as an excess of watery fluid collecting in cavities or tissues in the body

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11
Q

Inflammatory exudate provides the following to tissue…

A
  • fluid and salts
  • glucose and oxygen
  • complement proteins and antibodies
  • fibrin
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12
Q

Name some chemical mediators

A
  • histamine
  • bradykinin
  • leukotrienes
  • serotonin
  • prostaglandins
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13
Q

Name protein mediators

A
  • cytokines
  • chemokines
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14
Q

What is the role of histamine

A
  • role as a neurotransmitter - itching
  • causes vascular dilation
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15
Q

What are prostaglandins

A
  • produced by macrophages and neutrophils
  • product of fatty acid metabolism
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16
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins

A
  • causes vascular dilation

Multiple other roles in acute inflammation
- regulate cytokine production
- regulate cell recruitment
- act on nerve fibres
- involved in tissue remodelling

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17
Q

What plasma factors are involved in acute inflammation

A
  • 4 proteolytic cascades
  • complement
  • the kinin system
  • coagulation
  • fibrinolytic system
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18
Q

What enzyme does ibroprofen target

A

Cyclo-ocygenase II

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19
Q

What are the three complement pathways

A
  • classical pathway
  • alternative pathway
  • mannose binding lectin pathway (MBL)
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20
Q

Describe the Kinin system

A
  • involves a number of plasma proteins/enzymes
  • kallikrein is generated by hagemen factor
  • neutrophils also engage in this system
  • kallikrein converts kininogens to kinins
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21
Q

What are the three pathways of the coagulation system

A
  • intrinsic
  • extrinsic
  • common
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22
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway

A

Activates when the blood comes into contact with the sub endothelial connective tissue (outside blood vessel)

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23
Q

Describe the extrinsic factor

A

Damaged blood vessel means Human factor VII leaves vessel and encounters tissue factor in the surrounding tissue

24
Q

Describe the common pathway

A

Production of thrombin which in turn produces fibrin

25
Q

Describe the fibrinolytic system

A
  • results in the activation of plasmid
  • kallikrein and hageman factor
  • prevents excess clotting in health
  • activates complement
  • indirect role as fibrin degradation products promotes vascular permeability
26
Q

Name some congenital coagulation disorder

A
  • Von willebrand disease
  • haemophilia A and B
27
Q

What are acquired coagulation disorders (drugs)

A
  • warfarin
  • heparin
28
Q

What pathway is used to form a blood clot

A

Fibrinolytic system

29
Q

What pathway leads to membrane attack complex formation and anaphylatoxin production

A

The kinnin system

30
Q

What pathway leads to production of Bradykinins

A

Coagulations

31
Q

What are the three types of dental abscess

A
  • gingival abscess
  • periodontal abscess
  • periapical abscess
32
Q

Describe suppuration

A

Formation of pus arising fro an infections

33
Q

What is pus

A

Bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

34
Q

What is the most common outcome of acute inflammation

A

Resolution

35
Q

What produces histamine

A

Mast cells

36
Q

Histamine causes…

A

Vascular dilation

37
Q

Bradykinin is involved in…

A

Coagulation cascade

38
Q

What is the role of serotonin

A

Produced by nerve cells, acts as a chemoattractant

39
Q

What mediators regulate the process of inflammation

A
  • histamine
  • bradykinin
  • prostaglandins
40
Q

What is histamine a product of

A

The breakdown of amino acid histidine

41
Q

What is the most abundant prostaglandin

A

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

42
Q

Describe the process of prostaglandin being released

A

Stimulation of cells by TLR activation (microbial recognition) leads to activation of cyclo-ocygenase II(COX II), leads to prostaglandin being released

43
Q

What do non steroidal inflammatory drugs target

A

They target COX enzyme to block the release of prostaglandins therefore inflammation, pain and fever are reduced

44
Q

Give two examples of mediators that regulate blood vessel changes

A

Histamine and prostaglandins

45
Q

What role do plasma factors play in innate immunity

A
  • cytokine signalling, the complement system, acute phrase response
46
Q

What is the role of kallikrein

A

Converts kininogens to kinins (eg bradykinin)

47
Q

What is the role of bradykinin

A

Similar to histamine

  • activates complement
  • increases vascular permeability
  • stimulates nerve pain
  • induces expression of cytokines and chemokines
  • induce production of chemical mediators
48
Q

What is the final outcome of coagulation pathways

A

Clot formation

49
Q

What is the role of warfarin

A

Anti coagulant, inhibits coagulation factors

50
Q

What is an outcome of acute inflammation that can lead to chronic inflammation

A

Abscess

51
Q

What is a gingival abscess

A

Formed due to infection or trauma to the surface of the gum tissue

52
Q

What is a Peridontal abscess

A

Forms due to infection yay as moved deeper into the gum areas

53
Q

What is a periapical abscess

A

Due to infection of the pulp

54
Q

What is suppuration

A

Formation of pus

55
Q

What is pus

A

bacteria with dead and dying neutrophils

56
Q

The complete restoration of tissues after acute inflammation requires…

A
  • minimal cell death and tissue damage
  • occurrence in tissues with regenerative capacity
  • rapid elimination of causative agent
  • rapid removal of fluid and debris by vascular/lymphatic drainage

BAMS (41 decks)

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