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BAMS > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between chronic and and acute inflammation

A

Acute inflammation occurs rapidly (days) whilst chronic inflammation is persistent and can occur over months, years and years and possibly forever

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2
Q

What are the three main classes of chronic inflammation

A

1) non specific chronic inflammation
2) specific primary chronic inflammation
3) chronic granulomatous inflammation

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3
Q

What is non specific chronic inflammation

A
  • failure to resolve acute inflammation
  • persistent bouts of acute inflammation
  • excessive suppuration
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4
Q

Specific (primary) chronic inflammation

A
  • arises de novo
  • persistent exposure to the agent
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5
Q

What is chronic granulomatous inflammation

A

Subset of specific chronic inflammation

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6
Q

What does chronic inflammation arise from

A

Chronic inflammation arises from acute inflammation when immune system not sufficient to eradicate stimulus

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7
Q

Give an example of chronic inflammation

A

Periodontitis

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8
Q

Describe chronic inflammation in terms of tissue

A

More tissue loss compared to acute inflammation

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9
Q

What are the two types of chronic inflammation

A
  • specific chronic inflammation
  • chronic granulomatous inflammation
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10
Q

What cells infiltrate non specific chronic inflammation

A

Tissue macrophages
T cells and B cells

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11
Q

What is non specific chronic inflammation characterised by

A

A dynamic balance between tissue destruction and repair

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12
Q

What can cause chronic inflammation

A

Repeated bouts of acute inflammation

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13
Q

Describe specific primary chronic inflammation

A

non granulomatous

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14
Q

What is specific primary chronic inflammation characterised by

A

Excessively activated macrophages

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15
Q

What is specific primary chronic inflammation induced by

A

Induced by - non immunological agents, foreign body reactions, inert noxious material
Induced by - immunological agents, infective organisms that grow in cells, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune reactions, infection by fungi, Protozoa or parasites

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16
Q

Describe what causes autoimmune diseases

A

Unwanted response to the body’s own calls and tissues or commensal bacteria

Loss (breach) of tolerance to self antigens or commensal bacteria

Multiple mechanisms of tolerance usually prevent autoimmunity

Sustained immune response generates cells and molecules that destroy tissues

17
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis

A

Converted Argentine into cytokine by PAD enzyme, tis is not recognised as a self peptide therefore immune response initiated

18
Q

How does chronic granulomatous inflammation differ from normal chronic inflammation

A

Differs from normal chronic inflammation as the predominant cell types are known as modified activated macrophages - known as epithelioid macrophages that create giant cells

T and B cells also present in the tissue

19
Q

What are the causes of chronic granulomatous inflammation

A

Immunological - delayed hypersensitity type reaction or invading pathogens
Non immunological - foreign body in tissue eg asbestos particles

20
Q

What is the main aim of macrophages in chronic inflammation

A

Phagocytose and present antigen

21
Q

What is an M1 macrophage

A

Pro inflammatory

22
Q

What is an M2 macrophage

A

Anti inflammatory

23
Q

Describe what responses have macrophages have in issue injury

A
  • toxic oxygen metabolites
  • proteases
  • neurophil chemotactic factors
  • coagulation factors
  • AA metabolites
  • Nitric oxide
24
Q

Describe what responses macrophages have in tissue repair

A
  • process of fibrosis
  • growth factors (PDGF,FGF,TGF, beta)
  • fibrogenic cytokines
  • angiogenesis factors (FGF)
  • remodelling collagenases
25
Q

What is orofacial granulomatosis

A

An example if chronic granulomatous inflammation

  • effects soft tissues of the oral cavity
  • id intestinal Crohn’s - termed oral Crohn’s
  • no intestinal Crohn’s - terms orofacial granulomatosis
26
Q

What is periodontal disease characterised by

A
  • soft tissue destruction (gingival tissue)
  • hard tissue destruction (alveolar bone)
27
Q

What is RANKL

A

It is a ligand produced by osteoblasts that will bind to osteoclasts

28
Q

What is OPG

A

Binds to RANKL ligand which prevents it binding to RANK (the receptor) on osteoclasts

Controlled well in normal immune system

29
Q

The amount of RANKL in chronic periodontitis…

A

Is excessively higher that OPG being produced therefore favours bone reabsorption

30
Q

What secretes osteoprotogerin (OPG)

A

Osteoblasts

31
Q

What is bone formation called

A

Osteoblastogenesis

32
Q

What is the ECM

A

Supports cells

33
Q

What is the ECM remodelled by

A

Matrix metalloproteinses (MMPs)

34
Q

What causes tissue destruction in periodontitis

A
  • RANKL production
  • Activation of osteoclasts
  • reduced function of osteoclasts
  • activation of MMPs
35
Q

New skeleton how often

A

Every 10 years

BAMS (41 decks)

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