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BAMS > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity

A

First line of defence

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2
Q

What are some innate immune mechanisms in the oral cavity

A
  • barrier functions
  • saliva
  • initiation of innate immunity
  • recognition of threats
  • signalling pathways
  • cytokines and chemokines
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3
Q

Is innate immunity specific or non specific

A

Non specific

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4
Q

How does the immune system initially respond to a threat

A

Tissue Homestasis, a balance of healthy and unhealthy bacteria

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5
Q

What are commensal organisms

A

They inhabit everyone’s oral cavity, the immune system needs to respond to these to have a low immune response to prevent infection

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6
Q

After what period of time would an innate immune response occur

A

After about 4 days

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7
Q

What is the innate immune system

A

The first line of defence

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8
Q

What does the epithelium of the innate immune response produce

A

Produces Antimicrobial peptides
Produces cytokines/chemokines

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9
Q

What are non professional immune cells

A

Epithelial/endothelial cells + fibroblasts

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10
Q

What are the innate cell subsets and complement

A
  • phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
  • antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

Main role is phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is the function of a chemokines

A

Cell recruitment

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12
Q

What is the function of cytokines

A

Cell activation/proliferation

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13
Q

What is the role of the epithelium in the oral cavity

A

Physical barrier, produces different compounds such as Antimicrobial peptides, Immunoglobins, Lactoferrin, lysozyme and cystatins

Epithelium provides structural/mechanical support

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14
Q

What are Antimicrobial peptides

A

Small (<50 amino acids)
They are host defence peptides and they are effective in low concentrations

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15
Q

What are some examples of Antimicrobial peptides

A
  • beta defensins
  • human neutrophil peptides
  • cathelicidins
  • psoriasin proteins
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16
Q

What is the role of Antimicrobial peptides

A
  • directly kill microbes (bacterial lysis)
  • modulates host immunity (recruits immunocytes ect)
17
Q

What is secretory immunoglobulin A

A

Secretory piece will absorb to the saliva forming a protective layer

18
Q

What is the main role of secretory immunoglobulin A

A

Attaches to and neutralises microbes

19
Q

What is lactoferrin

A

Transport iron ions but has an Antimicrobial activity, present in saliva and produced by neutrophils

20
Q

What is lyzosome

A

Present in saliva amd produced by macrophages/neutrophils, target cell walls of bacteria

21
Q

What are cystatins

A

Anti protease activity and supports remineralisation of the teeth

22
Q

What are antigens

A

Cells involved in immune responses that have receptors for components of micro organisms

23
Q

What is a toll like receptor

A

They can be present on the plasma membrane of the cell and there are different types on the surface and inside the cell, they recognise bacterial and fungal components on the plasma membrane and internalised toll like receptors recognise internalised viruses and internalised bacteria

24
Q

What are the two main toll like receptor

A

TLR 2 and TLR 4 they recognise a lot of bacteria and fungi

25
Q

What do dectin and glucan receptors recognise

A

Fungal recognition

26
Q

What do NOD like receptors recognise

A

Bacterial recognition

27
Q

What do protease activated receptors (PARs) recognise

A

Microbial and allergen recognition

28
Q

What are the main roles of PRM receptors

A

Promote phagocytosis of microbes and promote activation of immune cells

29
Q

What is the importance of cytokines

A

They instruct a target cell what to do, they are important in T cell differentiation

30
Q

What are cytokines

A

Small proteins (<80kDa in size)
Signalling molecules that coordinate an immune response

31
Q

What is an autocrine function of a cytokine

A

Alter behaviour of the cell from which they were secreted

32
Q

What is a paracrine function of cytokines

A

Alter behaviour of neighbouring cells

33
Q

What does the endocrine function of cytokines do

A

Enter circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells

34
Q

What does PRR stand for

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors (recognise antigens)

35
Q

What do cytokines and chemokines do in terms of receptor signalling

A

Shapes the type of the immune response

36
Q

What are chemokines

A

Small signalling molecules important in signalling and predominantly involved in cell recruitment

37
Q

What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines

A

Cytokines tell the immune cells what to do, chemokines tell the immune cells where to go

38
Q

What are the 4 classes of chemokines

A
  • C chemokines (2 members)
  • CC chemokines (31 members)
  • CXC chemokines (18 members)
  • CX3C chemokines (1 member)
39
Q

What is the role of bradykinin

A

Important role in regulating blood pressure

BAMS (41 decks)

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