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BAMS > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity

A

Allergy

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2
Q

What is the definition of hypersensitivity

A

A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent

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3
Q

What is an allergen

A

An antigen that causes an allergic reaction

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4
Q

What types of reaction is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

IgE mediated reaction

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5
Q

What immune cells are involved in type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Mast cells
Basophils

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6
Q

Give some examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Atopy
Anaphalaxis

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7
Q

What type of reaction is type II hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic responses

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8
Q

What immune cells are involved in type II

A

NK cells
Complement
T cells

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9
Q

What is an example of type II

A

Haemolytic anemia

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10
Q

What reaction is type III hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex responses

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11
Q

What immune cells are involved in type III

A

Complement
Neutrophils

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12
Q

What is an example of type III

A

Serum sickness

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13
Q

What type of reaction is type IV

A

Cell mediated response

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14
Q

What immune cells are involved in type IV

A

T cells
Macrophages

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15
Q

Give examples of type IV

A

Sracoidosis
TB
Crohn’s disease

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16
Q

What is anaphylaxis

A

Actuate serious allergic response

17
Q

What are allergens

A

Can be proteins, have ability to elicit an immune response

18
Q

What are happens

A

Any small molecule that can be recognised by a specific antibody but cannot elicit an immune response

19
Q

What are the main roles of mast cells and basophils

A
  • immune cell recruiter
  • neurotransmitter
  • vasodilator
  • endothelial constrictor
  • bronchoconstrictor
20
Q

Give some cutaneous atrophy examples of type I hypersensitivity reactions

A

Localized
- allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
- atopic dermatitis (allergic eczema)
- asthma (Lower respiratory tract)

21
Q

What is systemic anaphylaxis

A

Anaphylactic shock throughout the whole body

22
Q

Give some examples of allergy tests

A
  • skin prick and patch test
  • blood test - measures IgE in the blood
  • food challenge
23
Q

Name some drugs that can be taken for allergies

A
  • anti histamines
  • epinephrine
  • hydrocortisone
  • cromoglycate
24
Q

Function of antihistamines

A

Compete with histamine receptors

25
Q

Function of epinephrine in anaphylactic shock

A

Best immediate treatment, reverses effect of granules (vasoconstriction, relaxes muscles)

26
Q

Name immunological treatment for allergies

A
  • hypo or de sensitisation
  • IgE or IgG production
27
Q

What is the mechanism for epinephrine

A

— stimulation of adrenoreceptors
- improves blood pressure
- reverses peripheral vasoconstriction
- causes bronchodilation
- reduces inflammatory mediator response

28
Q

What does type II arise from

A

Antigen-antibody complex arising
IgG and IgM binding to antigenic cell

29
Q

Type II hypersensitivity is lysed by

A
  • membrane attack complex formation (complement)
  • antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (natural killer cells or CD8 + T cells)
  • common example - transfusion reactions/autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
30
Q

Describe what happens when mismatched blood type is transfused in an individual

A

The body attacks the red blood cells, immune cells recognise the antibodies on the blood cells as a foreign invader and attack them

31
Q

Describe type III hypersensitivity

A
  • involves reactions against soluble antigens circulating in serum
  • antibody - antigen immune complexes are deposited in organs which leads to - complement activation, neutrophil recruitment, inflammation mediated damage
32
Q

What are some examples of type III hypersensitivity

A
  • Arthus reaction
  • serum sickness
  • oral erythema multiforme (EM)
33
Q

What happens during rheumatoid arthritis

A

Immune complexes deposited in tissues activate a complement which attracts neutrophils to the site

34
Q

What are some examples of type III hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • arthus reaction (localised hypersensitivity reaction)
  • antibody - antigen complexes are localised
  • can arise from injected particles (eg booster vaccines) or inhaled or injected antigens
35
Q

Serum sickness is an example of a …. Reaction

A

Arthus reaction

36
Q

Describe oral erythema multiforme (EM)

A
  • characterised y crusty blistering of oral mucosa
  • caused by deposition of immune complexes (IgM bound immune complexes) in the microvasculature of the oral mucous membrane
  • can be acute inflammatory response to viral infections eg HSV
  • can be caused by hypersensitivity drugs eg.Trimethroprimsulfamethoxazole which treats UTI’s
37
Q

Describe type IV hypersensitivity

A
  • T cell mediated hypersensitivity (no antibodies)
  • sometimes called delayed hypersensitivity as it takes time to recruit T cells
  • localized T cell reaction at site of antigen exposure (eg contract dematitis)
  • involves both CD8+ T cells (direct damage of cells - cytotoxicity)
38
Q

What are some examples of type IV hypersensitivity

A
  • contract dermatitis
  • tissue graft rejection
  • response to Intracellular pathogens
  • orofacial granuloamatus

BAMS (41 decks)

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