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BAMS > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • thermoregulation
  • hormone secretion
  • circadian rhythms
  • motivation
  • emotions
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2
Q

What are the two pituitary glands called

A

The posterior and anterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

What connects the two pituitary glands

A

The infundibulum

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4
Q

Describe the role of the pituitary glands in thermoregulation

A

Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus compare the body temperature to a set point and act accordingly to reach the set point

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5
Q

What is a circadian rhythm

A

One example is Body temperature follows a circadian rhythm over 24hours

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6
Q

When does temperature peak

A

After meals

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7
Q

What can affect the circadian rhythm of body temperature

A

Night shifts

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8
Q

Describe how hormone secretion is triggered from the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • hypothalamus produces releasing hormones, these pass to the anterior pituitary via blood vessels which triggers the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
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9
Q

Describe hormones produced in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Hormones produced in hypothalamus pass to posterior pituitary along nerve axons, released into circulation in posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • growth hormone releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • prolactin releasing hormone
  • dopamine
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11
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinising hormone
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
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12
Q

Describe the regulation by feedback on hormone secretion by the hypothalamus

A

Hormones are released by the hypothalamus when a stimulus occurs, the target organ will then produce a hormone that can inhibit the hypothalamus and stop the releasing hormone secretion

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13
Q

Describe how thyroid hormones are stimulated

A

A stimulus causes the hypothalamus to produce thyrotropin RH which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce thyroid stimulating hormone hence acting on the thyroid gland and release in thyroid hormones

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14
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

Situated in the neck anterior to the trachea

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15
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland

A
  • thyroid hormone
  • T3, T4
  • calcitonin (regulates calcium levels)
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16
Q

What cells produce calcitonin

A

Para follicular c cells

17
Q

What are the functions of hormones T3 and T4

A
  • increases metabolic rate of all cells
  • determines basal metabolic rate
  • essential for normal fetal and childhood rate
  • permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors
18
Q

What can undersecretion of thyroid hormones cause

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • cretinism, myoedema
19
Q

What can oversecretion of thyroid hormone cause

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • Graves’ disease
20
Q

What is goitre

A

Thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency, low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH

21
Q

Where are the parathyroid hormones situated

A

The 4-5 parathyroid gland lie on the deep surface of the thyroid gland
They produce parathyroid hormone which is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels

22
Q

What hormones does the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
23
Q

How much of the pancreas is occupied by the islets of langerhans

A

Occupy 1-2% of pancreatic tissue

24
Q

When is insulin produced

A

Released in response to raised blood glucose, acts to lower blood glucose

Facilitates glucose entry into -
- muscle cells
Promotes formation of -
- glycogen
- triglycerides
- facilitates protein synthesis

25
Q

What does insulin inhibit

A

The secretion of adrenaline, sympathetic nerves, somatostatin

26
Q

When is glucagon produced

A

In response to low blood glucose concentration, acts to raise blood glucose

27
Q

What are the actions of glucagon

A

Glycogenolysis in liver
Glucogenesis in liver
Lipolysis and ketone synthesis

28
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

They lie on top of the kidneys

29
Q

What cortex hormones do adrenal glands produce

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
30
Q

What are the actions of cortisol

A
  • metabolic effects
  • permissive effects
  • anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant
31
Q

What are the functions of aldosterone

A

Promotes re absorption of Na+ and H2O in kidney
Increases excretion of H+ and K+

32
Q

Describe androgens

A

The main hormones are androgens which contributes to growth and 2 percent of sexual characteristics in boys and girls
Pubertal growth spurts

33
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla

A

This is a modified sympathetic ganglion
Controlled by pre ganglionic sympathetic nerves
The cells mostly produce adrenaline

34
Q

What can adrenal insufficiency lead to

A

Addison’s disease, decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones

BAMS (41 decks)

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