Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BAMS > Groeth And Ageing > Flashcards

Groeth And Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What does growth involve

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of some cells that can regenerate

A

Liver, skin, blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give some examples of cells that cannot regenerate

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is growth effected by

A
  • genes, heredity
  • enviroment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is included in enviroment

A
  • nutrition
  • disease
  • growth factors, such as hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are hormones that influence growth

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • growth hormones
  • sex hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe thyroid hormones

A
  • essential for normal development and growth
  • essential for protein synthesis in brain of fetus and infant
  • required for normal development of neurons
  • necessary for childhood growth
  • indirect, rather than direct effects on growth

Facilitates actions of growth hormones and systematic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hypothyroidism

A
  • overactive thyroid
  • fetal/ neonate hypothyroidism
  • sparse hair
  • large tongue
  • permanent mental impairments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does hypothyroidism effect the tooth eruption

A

Delayed tooth eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of growth hormone

A

Has metabolic and growth promoting actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the metabolic actions of growth hormone

A
  • increase in blood glucose levels
  • decrease in glucose uptake by cells
  • increase in lipolysis, making fatty acids available for energy production
  • facilitates uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is orthodontic treatment carried out under the age of 12

A

Because the face is still growing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does the brain finish growing

A

About 8 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the effect of insulin like growth factor

A

Cartilage proliferation in long bones, until epiphyses (growth centres) close

17
Q

What are examples of sex hormones

A

Testosterone and oestrogen

18
Q

What are sex hormones responsible for

A

Responsible for pubertal growth spurt

19
Q

What are the effects of the sex hormones mediated by

A

Mediated by increased secretion of GH and IGF-1

20
Q

What are the effects of testosterone

A

Anabolic effects on protein synthesis, increasing muscle bulk

Is the anabolic steroid

21
Q

What is the effect of sex hormones on bones

A

Stimulates bone growth, but accelerate the closure of epiphyseal growth plates

22
Q

What can hypothyroid cause in children

A

Dwarfism, infant proportions, overweight

23
Q

What does a hypopituitary dysfunction cause in an 8 year old boy

A

Dwarfism, slimmer

24
Q

What are some other hormones that can affect growth

A
  • insulin
  • corticosteroids
  • vitamin D
  • parathyroid hormone
25
Q

Describe how insulin contributes to growth

A
  • promoting foetal growth
  • promoting post natal growth by stimulating IGF-1
  • facilitating protein synthesis (by making glucose available for energy production)
26
Q

When present at higher than normal levels cortisol can…

A

Inhibit growth

27
Q

What are the functions of cortisol in growth

A
  • stimulates protein catabolism
  • supresses bone growth and promotes Reabsorption

Raised levels of cortisol in stress and illness account for the growth retarding effects of childhood illness

28
Q

How does vitamin D and PTH contribute to growth

A

Vitamin D is responsible for Calcium absorption in the gut
PTH raises plasma calcium levels

They are responsible for ensuring adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate for bone formation

29
Q

Excess growth hormone in childhood does what

A

Accelerates normal growth - gigantism

30
Q

What happens when there is excess growth hormone in adults

A
  • appositional growth in the extremities
  • hands and feet and jaw increase in bulk, acromegaly
31
Q

What is acromegaly

A

Excess growth hormone leads to hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk

32
Q

What is achondroplasia

A
  • defective cartilage growth
  • affects long bones and cartilage growth centres eg spheno-occipital synchondrosis in cranial base
33
Q

What is diastema

A

Spaces in between teeth

Food may get stuck

34
Q

What can patients that have acromegaly have

A

Increased risk of tumor of the pituitary gland

35
Q

What does ageing involve

A

Gradual detioration of all parts of the body
Complicated by disease

36
Q

What does an individuals life span depend on

A
  • genetics
  • enviroment
  • no evolutionary advantage in old age
37
Q

What is included in the enviroment pod longevity

A
  • good nutrition
  • lifestyle
  • absence of disease
38
Q

Describe cellular ageing

A

Decline in the ability of cells to divide over time
Accumulation of damage as the cells divide in old age

39
Q

Give some examples of apoptosis

A
  • in development, tooth germ, nervous system
  • to replace worn out cells
  • to destroy tumour cells

BAMS (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions