Immunity Flashcards
True or Falsa. Vertebrates are the only phylum that can mount an acquired immune response
True
What are the primary adaptive cellular elements of immunity?
T & B lymphocytes
Is inflammatory response innate or acquired immunity?
Innate
Caused by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells
Is innate immunity specific?
No, other than noninfectious self vs infectious non-self
What are commensal microbes?
Normal gut/respiratory flora that may become pathogenic when host’s innate defense breaks down
Which cells are innate immune cells?
Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, NK cells, mast cells
What is the minimum amount of time to mount an acquired immune response?
3-5 days
What are the general mechanisms of innate immunity?
Barrier tissue Inflammation Interferons (antiviral effector proteins) Natural killer cells Symbiotic bacteria (normal flora)
What are keratinocytes?
Immune sensing cells (IL-1) located in the skin
What glands have antimicobial properties?
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
What are Paneth cells?
Innate antimicrobial immune cells in the upper GI tract
What are the classic signs of inflammation?
Swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function
What are the goals of the inflammatory response?
Isolate & Destory invaders
Remove debris
Prepare tissue for healing/repair
What cells produce peroxide for oxidation?
Nuetrophils
Where do mast cells reside? What is their function?
Resident in tissue
Release histamine to increase blood flow to increase inflammation
Increase capillary permeability to deliver inflamation mediators
Release cytokines to attract other inflammatory cells
What is a localized edema and when does it occur?
Leaked plasma in interstitial space begins to clot
Occurs due to increased osmotic pressure in extracellular space
Increased capillary blood flow and permeability
How to localized edema cause pain?
Distends tissue
How do innate cells tell between self and non-self?
Pattern recognition receptors
What are pattern recognition receptors?
Expressed on cell surfaces, intracellular compartments or secreted in bloodstream and tissues
What do pattern recognition receptors incite?
Opsonization, activation of coagulation or inflammatory pathways, phagocytosis, apoptosis
What are the Pattern Recognition Proteins?
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
Serum amyloid protein (SAP)
C-reactive protein (CRP)
What is the function of SAP and CRP?
Opsonins
Target cells for destruction by binding to pathogen surface
What is the function of MBL?
Bids to mannose residues on microbes & associates with serine protease
What are intracellular pattern recognition proteins?
dsRNA produced by viruses activates protein kinase R (PKR)
Muramyl dipeptide is a bacterial wall compoenent that activates Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD2)
What is TLR4?
Toll-like receptor 4
Recognizes Lipopolysaccharide on bacteria
WHat does TLR2 recognize?
Bacterial peptidoglycans
LPS
What does TLR5 recognize?
Flagellin
What does TLR9 recognize?
CpG motifs in bacteria or viruses
What do Toll-like receptors signal?
MyD88 (adaptor protein)
What does the activation of MyD88 do?
Inflammation, costimulation, antimicrobial gene transcription
How do toll-like receptors bind pathogens?
Pathogens have Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
What are the extracellular TLRs?
TLR1 TLR2 TLR4 TLR5 TLR10 TLR11
What are the intracellular TLRs?
TLR3
TLR7
TLR8
TLR9
WHat is the point of intracellular TLRs?
Recognize bacteria and viruses that reach intracellular matrix
What is IL-1?
Immune sensing cell in skin
What is another adaptor protein aside from MyD88?
NF-kappaB
