Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

What amino acids are ketogenic only?

Answer 1

Lysine and Leucine (Catabolized from Aceryl CoA)

Question 2

Is Acetyl CoA glucogenic?

Answer 2

No, all carbons are oxidized as CO2

Question 3

Which part of the fatty acid can be used for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 3

Glycerol

Question 4

3 enzymes needed for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

PEP carboxykinase, fructose bis-phosphatase, glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 5

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 5

Cytosol in liver

Question 6

How many ATP does it take for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 6

4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH

Question 7

What is the net ATP from gluconeogenesis?

Answer 7

24-26 ATP depending on which shuttle is used

Question 8

What organs cannot perform gluconeogenesis?

Answer 8

Muscle & brain

Question 9

What is ubiquitin

Answer 9

Tags protein for degradation. 1-2% body proteins degraded daily

Question 10

Name essential amino aicds

Answer 10

Threonine, Valine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Methionine

Young animals need histidine, arginine, glycine

Question 11

What are branched chain amino acids?

Answer 11

Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine.

Make 1/3 of all skeletal muscle proteins

Question 12

Why must endogenous proteins be degraded?

Answer 12

Abnormal proteins, nutrient sotrage, regulation of enzymes

Question 13

Which enzymes are both keto and glucogenic?

Answer 13

Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Threonine, Phenylalanine

Question 14

WHere are branch chain amino acids broken down?

Answer 14

Muscle because liver lacks branched chain a-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase

Other AAs in liver

Question 15

How are AAs broken down?

Answer 15

Transaminase

Transfer of nitrogen group

Question 16

What does the transamination of an amino acid produce?

Answer 16

Glutamate (using a-KG) and keto acid

Question 17

What is the major carbon source for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 17

Amino Acids

Question 18

Amino acids with 2 and 3 carbons become

Answer 18

Pyruvate

Question 19

Amino acids with 4 carbons become

Answer 19

OAA

Question 20

Amino acids with 5 or more carbons become

Answer 20

a-KG

Question 21

Why are BCAA critical for brain tissue?

Answer 21

Neurotransmitter synthesis

Question 22

What is a symptom of liver disease?

Answer 22

Decreased clearance of aromatic amino aicds

Question 23

What can occur during an imbalance of AAA to BCAA

Answer 23

Hepatoencephalopathy

AAA levels increase in brain

“False neurotransmitters”

Question 24

How are stored amino acids used?

Answer 24

Muscle breaks down to release Glutamine and Alanine

Alanine becomes pyruvate using a-KG

This makes alanine most important amino acid substrate

Question 25

Why can’t muscles make Glucose from G6P?

Answer 25

Muscles do not have G6Phosphotase