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Physiology > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

What is an intron?

A

Non-coded DNA (cannot be made in to RNA)

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2
Q

What is an exon?

A

Code DNA that can be transcripted to RNA

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3
Q

Does mitochondrial DNA come from both parents?

A

No, only maternal

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4
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Sugars, phosphoric acid, nitrogen

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5
Q

How did Avery prove that DNA was genetic material?

A

Transformation of R strain bacteria to S strain

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6
Q

Who did Watson & Crick steal data from?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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7
Q

What are the nucleotides for DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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8
Q

What way does DNA curve?

A

To the right

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9
Q

What makes up the DNA backbone

A

Phosphate and sugar

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10
Q

Which nucleotides are purines?

A

Adenine & Guanine

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11
Q

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines

A

Cytosine & Thymine

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12
Q

What are the nucleotide pairs?

A

Adenine & Thymine

Cytosine & Guanine

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13
Q

What is attached to each sugar on a DNA strand?

A

Cyclic base (Purines, Pyrimidines)

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are associated with the Guanine - Cytosine pairing?

A

3

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds stabilize the AT pairs?

A

2

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16
Q

What direction is DNA synthesized?

A

5’ to 3’

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17
Q

What adds nucleotides to the 3’ end?

A

DNA polymerase

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18
Q

How is the lagging strand duplicated?

A

Transcripted 5’ to 3’

DNA Ligase binds together Okazaki fragments

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19
Q

How often does an error occur during transcription?

A

1 in every 100,000

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20
Q

What is the purpose of exonuclease?

A

Checks T-A and C-G pairings and degrades wrong pairings

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21
Q

What are the mutation types?

A

Addition, Subtraction, Substitutions

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22
Q

Where are genes contained?

A

Within chromosomes

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23
Q

What is RNA ploymerase?

A

Copies DNA template strand to RNA

24
Q

Is there higher or lower copying fidelity in transcription vs DNA replication?

A

Lower

25
Q

Which strand is the coding strand?

A

3’ to 5’

Leading strand

26
Q

What region of the DNA initiates transcription?

A

Promoter (DNA sequence)

27
Q

What is the elongation process during transcription?

A

RNA polymerase extends RNA chain

28
Q

What causes the termination of elongation/transcription in bacteria?

A

Hair-pin loop (double stranded RNA)

Unknown in eukaryotes

29
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

30
Q

What is the purpose of capping during transcription?

A

Ensres stability during translation

31
Q

What is the purpose of the poly-A tail on the 3’ end?

A

Protects mRNA from degradation and terminates transcription

32
Q

Do introns appear in the mature RNA transcript?

A

No

33
Q

What are the mature RNA types?

A 
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
34
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

Binds one specific amino acid

Recognizes messenger RNA sequences

35
Q

What is the purpose of rRNA?

A

Makes ribosomes
Orients mRNA, tRNA & Amino Acids
Ensures accurate reading of genetic code

36
Q

What is messenger RNA?

A

Contains info for proteins

Accounts for the most transcription within a cell

Allows for amplification of genetic message

37
Q

What type of RNA has the highest turnover?

A

mRNA

38
Q

What determines the amino acid sequence?

A

Nucleotide sequence

39
Q

How are polypeptides synthesized?

A

In the cytoplasm, within ribosomes

Bind to A site (aminoacyl)
Move to P Site (Peptidyl)
Exits E site

40
Q

What occurs at the Aminoacyl site?

A

Binds newly arriving tRNA

41
Q

What occurs at the Peptidyl site?

A

tRNA carrying polypeptide chain resides & contacts mRNA

42
Q

What occurs at the Exit site?

A

tRNA exits ribosome

43
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

44
Q

What are the stop codons?

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

45
Q

What are examples of posttranslational modifications?

A

Amino acids removed, sugars added

46
Q

What are results of posttranslation modification?

A

Activate protein

Direct protein to correct location

47
Q

How are proteins folded?

A

Protein attaches to endoplasmic reticulum and folds while inside ER

48
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Enzyme-directed, site specific process

A sugar is added to a protein

49
Q

Where does glycosylation occur?

A

Er and Golgi Apparatus

50
Q

What are the donor molecules for glycosylation?

A

Nucleotide sugars

51
Q

What are the acceptor residues for glycosylation?

A

Asparagine, Serine, Threonine

52
Q

What is PCR?

A

Amplifying a DNA segment in vitro

53
Q

What are the steps of PCR?

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
54
Q

What is denaturation in PCR?

A

Separation of DNA strands

55
Q

What is annealing in pCR?

A

Primers bind DNA

56
Q

What is extension in PCR?

A

New DNA is synthesized

57
Q

What type of PCR is used for testing of diagnostic samples?

A

real time PCR (qPCR)

Physiology (45 decks)

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