Enzyme-linked receptors Flashcards

1
Q

How does ANP activateit’s receptor?

A

ANP causes Guanylyl Cyclase to dimerize

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2
Q

What does the binding of ANP and dimerization of guanylyl cyclase activate?

A

GTp -> cGMP

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3
Q

What does cGMP activate?

A

Protein kinase G

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4
Q

What is the function of protein kinase G?

A

Phosphorylates & activates proteins to mediate hormone function

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5
Q

How does ANP concentration affect angiotensin?

A

ANP inhibits angiotensin and aldosterone

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6
Q

Where is ANP released from?

A

Atrium

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7
Q

How does ANP (ANF) decrease blood volume?

A

Inhibits Angiotensin & aldosterone to prevent Na+ and water retnetion
Vasodilation

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8
Q

What receptor is capable of phosphorylating itself?

A

Tyrosine kinase

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9
Q

Name an example of a ligand that binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor

A
Insulin
Fibroblast growth factor
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Nerve growth factor
Epithelial growth factor
Platelet derived growth factor
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10
Q

What are the 2 pathways that tyrosine kinase receptors use for phosphorylation?

A

Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 pathway

MAPK pathway

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11
Q

Describe the IRS-1 pathway

A

Activated tyrosine kinase receptor associates with IRS-1 and activates phospho-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)

PI3K mediates vesicles that contain GLUT4

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12
Q

Describe the MAPK pathway

A

Son of Sevenless adapter protein associates with tyrosine kinase

RAS-GTP activates MAP-kinase pathway
MAPKKK
MAPKK
MAPK

Phosphorylated MAPK translocates to nucleus and activates jun, fos, myc transcription which activate GLUT4

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13
Q

What is RAS?

A

Protein with intrinsic GTPase used to relay signals to nucleus

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14
Q

What is the active form of RAS?

A

RAS-GTP

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15
Q

How does a RAS mutation cause cancer? Why is it called the proto-oncogene

A

RAS that lacks GTPase activity cannot turn itself off and continues signaling for cell proliferation

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the GLUT2 receptor?

A

Glucose binds to GLUT2 to signal the release of insulin from Beta cells

17
Q

What is the difference between Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance?

A

Deficiency has defective Beta cells

Resistant has defective GLUT4. More insulin than normal is needed to activate GLUT4 receptors

18
Q

What is hyperlipemia and why is it a symptom of diabetes?

A

Excess fat in the blood

Caused by excess mobilization of fatty acid

19
Q

What does the excessive mobilization of fatty acids result it?

A

Ketosis

Sweet breath caused by acetone

20
Q

What is the purpose of primary response gene bcl2?

A

Ensure that RBCs survive in the bone marrow long enough to mature

21
Q

What is JAK2?

A

An auto-phosphorylating tyrosine kinase receptor

22
Q

What are the 2 pathways for Erythropoietin receptors?

A

JAK2/STAT

JAK2/MAPK

23
Q

Describe the JAK2/STAT5 pathway

A

Binding of EPO dimerizes receptor
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase binds to dimerized receptor (JAK2)

JAK2 phosphorylates STAT5
STAT5 translocates to the nucleus to begin transcription of bcl2

24
Q

Describe the JAK2/MAPK pathway

A

EPO dimerizes receptor
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase JAK2 binds to receptor

SOS binds to JAK2

SOS produces RAS-GTP and activates MAPKKK
MAPKK
MAPK

MAPK translocates to nucleus and acitvates myc, fos, jun

25
Name a secondary gene primary transcription factors activate transcription for
Cyclin D
26
What organ produces erythropoietin?
Kidney
27
What stimulates production of EPO?
Reduction in pO2 (erythrocyte count low or high altitude)
28
What is the function of EPO?
Increase erythrocyte count by stimulating proliferation in bone marrow
29
What is the purpose of recombinant human EPO? (rhEPO)
Stimulates red blood cell development
30
What are side effects of rhEPO?
Increased blood viscosity Increased chance of embolism Long term use of rhEPO will shut down natural EPO production