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High School Stuff > Human Disease Semester Review > Flashcards

Human Disease Semester Review Flashcards

1
Q

A state of function disequilibrium that made be resolved by recovery or death; injury, infection and an unhealthy lifestyle are causes of this

A

Disease

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2
Q

Study of characteristics, causes, and effects of a disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

The objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination; an indication of disease perceived by the patient

A

Signs & symptoms

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4
Q

The period of chronic disease when signs and symptoms subside

A

Remission

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5
Q

A disease ending in death

A

Terminal

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6
Q

A disease that may begin insidiously and be long-lived

A

Chronic

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7
Q

A disease is that has a sudden onset and a short duration

A

Acute

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8
Q

Maintenance of a steady state within the body

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

The cause of a disease

A

Etiology

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10
Q

Describes a disease for which the cause is not known

A

Idiopathic

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11
Q

Conditions that develop in a patient already suffering from a disease

A

Complication

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12
Q

The aftermath of a particular disease

A

Sequela

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13
Q

The period of chronic disease when signs and symptoms recur in all severity

A

Exacerbation

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14
Q

The predicted course and outcome of a disease

A

Prognosis

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15
Q

The occurrence of a disease in unusually large numbers of a specific area

A

Epidemic

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16
Q

The use of scientific of clinical methods to determine the nature of a disease; information needed to formulate a diagnosis are physical exam, signs and symptoms, patient history, laboratory data, and specific diagnostic tests

A

Diagnosis

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17
Q

The number who died from a disease

A

Mortality

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18
Q

The number that become sick or disabled from a disease

A

Morbidity

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19
Q

Study of the physiological processes leading up to the disease

A

Pathophysiology

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20
Q

Combination of symptoms

A

Syndrome

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21
Q

A mass of new cells that grows in a hazardous fashion with no useful function; tumor

A

Neoplasm

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22
Q

Procedure in which a small sample of a tissue is surgically removed and examined microscopically for abnormality

A

Biopsy

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23
Q

Treatment designed to relieve symptoms and to improve the quality of your life

A

Palliative treatment

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24
Q

Factor that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease

A

Risk factor

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25
Q

Branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population

A

Epidemiology

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26
Q

The number of existing cases of a disease

A

Prevalence

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27
Q

Signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Pain, redness, swelling, heat

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28
Q

Types of immunity

A

Specific immunity acquired is when you get the disease thus acquiring immunity to it again through vaccination (long-lived), non-specific immunity or innate is when you are born with it

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29
Q

The causative agent of AIDs; a retrovirus that carries genetic information as RNA rather DNA

A

HIV

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30
Q

Temporary increase in your body temperature often due to illness

A

Fever

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31
Q

B lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells but remain dormant until reactivated by the same antigen

A

Memory cells

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32
Q

Antibodies produced by the immune system that bind to mast cells

A

IgE

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33
Q

When the allergen enters the body, the immune system causes the blood vessel to dilate and to release of histamine

A

Allergic response

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34
Q

Responsible for cell-mediated immunity and processed by the thymus gland

A

T lymphocytes

35
Q

Destroys the T-cells leading to the collapse of the immune system and severe infection

A

HIV

36
Q

Produces T-cells where they mature

A

Thymus gland

37
Q

Bacteria

A

Cocci (round), spirilla (spiral), spirochetes (cork-screw), vibrios (comma)

38
Q

Type of laboratory test that determines whether bacteria is present and whether the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative

A

Gram stain test

39
Q

Contain nucleic acids and proteins (capsids) but are not alive because they do not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce

A

Virus

40
Q

Diseases that are considered to be of great health importance

A

Reportable disease

41
Q

Host that harbors an infectious agent

A

Reservoirs

42
Q

Temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding; used by ameba

A

Pseudopodia

43
Q

Whip-like cell appendages used for locomotion

A

Flagella

44
Q

Genetic material wrapped in a protein coat

A

Capsid

45
Q

Illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person; infectious disease

A

Communicable disease

46
Q

Highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers

A

Endospore

47
Q

Person who does not have the trait themselves but “carries” the gene of the trait that they may pass off to their offspring

A

Carriers

48
Q

Infectious diseases transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Vertical Transmission

49
Q

Infectious disease is transmitted directly from an infected human to a susceptible human

A

Horizontal Transmission

50
Q

Punctures from needles, injections, animal and human bites, and surgery

A

Parenteral Transmission

51
Q

State, period, or place of isolation to prevent an infected person from spreading an illness to others

A

Quarantine

52
Q

When an antibiotic is used, bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have a greater chance of survival than those that are “susceptible”

A

Antibiotic resistance

53
Q

Tough, protective, semitransparent substance

A

Chitin

54
Q

Regulates the phases of cell growth

A

Cyclin

55
Q

A gene that mutated at abnormally high levels and converts normal cells into cancer cells

A

Oncogenes

56
Q

Cell death

A

Apoptysis

57
Q

Testicular cancer prognosis and onset

A

Can occur at any age, typically in 30s and 40s; 80% curable

58
Q

Risk of ovarian cancer

A

Family history, history of breast cancer, history of no pregnancy, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, polycystic ovary disease, endometriosis

59
Q

Cancer of sperm producing cells; slow growing, sensitive to radiation

A

Seminoma

60
Q

Cancer that develops in the lymph system; compromises body’s ability to fight infection

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

61
Q

Bladder cancer (major risk factor)

A

Cigarette smoking

62
Q

Most common childhood cancer

A

Leukemia

63
Q

Prostate cancer (major risk factor)

A

Age 60 and over

64
Q

Liver cancer (etiology)

A

Damage by birth defects, alcohol abuse, or chronic infection with diseases such as hepatitis B and C and cirrhosis

65
Q

A gene that is expressed when inherited

A

Dominant

66
Q

Alternate forms of a gene, one from mom, one from dad

A

Allele

67
Q

Generally from defective genes on the X chromosome; occur mostly in males and are transmitted by females

A

Sex-linked traits

68
Q

Allele that manifests itself when the person is homozygous for the trait

A

Recessive

69
Q

Disease that has an excess phenylalanine affect on the brain that is toxic

A

PKU

70
Q

A diagram that shows the family history of a particular gene

A

Pedigree

71
Q

A condition in which there is an extra sex chromosome resulting in a karyotype of 47, XXY

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

72
Q

Condition of having three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two; causes Down Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21

73
Q

Study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain ones onto children

A

Genetics

74
Q

Name for 44 of the 46 chromosomes that does not include the sex hormones

A

Autosomes

75
Q

Name for 2 of the 46 chromosomes

A

Sex chromosomes

76
Q

A person having the same two alleles of a particular gene

A

Homozygous

77
Q

A person having two different alleles of a particular gene

A

Heterozygous

78
Q

Blueprint for directing all cell activities and protein synthesis within the cell, double-stranded helix, made of four chemical bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

A

DNA

79
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder in which hemoglobin is abnormal resulting in deformed sickle-shaped red blood cells

A

Sickle cell anemia

80
Q

Molecule of DNA found in the human cell

A

Chromosome

81
Q

Sex-linked inherited coagulation disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

82
Q

A diagnostic test for hereditary diseases performed on fetal cells withdrawn from amniotic fluid

A

Amniocentesis

83
Q

Congenital appears at birth but are not the result of in abnormal gene or chromosome; genetic is an abnormality in a gene or chromosome

A

Congenital vs. genetic

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