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Human Disease Semester Review Flashcards

1
Q

A state of function disequilibrium that made be resolved by recovery or death; injury, infection and an unhealthy lifestyle are causes of this

A

Disease

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2
Q

Study of characteristics, causes, and effects of a disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

The objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination; an indication of disease perceived by the patient

A

Signs & symptoms

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4
Q

The period of chronic disease when signs and symptoms subside

A

Remission

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5
Q

A disease ending in death

A

Terminal

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6
Q

A disease that may begin insidiously and be long-lived

A

Chronic

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7
Q

A disease is that has a sudden onset and a short duration

A

Acute

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8
Q

Maintenance of a steady state within the body

A

Homeostasis

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9
Q

The cause of a disease

A

Etiology

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10
Q

Describes a disease for which the cause is not known

A

Idiopathic

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11
Q

Conditions that develop in a patient already suffering from a disease

A

Complication

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12
Q

The aftermath of a particular disease

A

Sequela

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13
Q

The period of chronic disease when signs and symptoms recur in all severity

A

Exacerbation

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14
Q

The predicted course and outcome of a disease

A

Prognosis

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15
Q

The occurrence of a disease in unusually large numbers of a specific area

A

Epidemic

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16
Q

The use of scientific of clinical methods to determine the nature of a disease; information needed to formulate a diagnosis are physical exam, signs and symptoms, patient history, laboratory data, and specific diagnostic tests

A

Diagnosis

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17
Q

The number who died from a disease

A

Mortality

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18
Q

The number that become sick or disabled from a disease

A

Morbidity

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19
Q

Study of the physiological processes leading up to the disease

A

Pathophysiology

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20
Q

Combination of symptoms

A

Syndrome

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21
Q

A mass of new cells that grows in a hazardous fashion with no useful function; tumor

A

Neoplasm

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22
Q

Procedure in which a small sample of a tissue is surgically removed and examined microscopically for abnormality

A

Biopsy

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23
Q

Treatment designed to relieve symptoms and to improve the quality of your life

A

Palliative treatment

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24
Q

Factor that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease

A

Risk factor

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25
Branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population
Epidemiology
26
The number of existing cases of a disease
Prevalence
27
Signs and symptoms of inflammation
Pain, redness, swelling, heat
28
Types of immunity
Specific immunity acquired is when you get the disease thus acquiring immunity to it again through vaccination (long-lived), non-specific immunity or innate is when you are born with it
29
The causative agent of AIDs; a retrovirus that carries genetic information as RNA rather DNA
HIV
30
Temporary increase in your body temperature often due to illness
Fever
31
B lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells but remain dormant until reactivated by the same antigen
Memory cells
32
Antibodies produced by the immune system that bind to mast cells
IgE
33
When the allergen enters the body, the immune system causes the blood vessel to dilate and to release of histamine
Allergic response
34
Responsible for cell-mediated immunity and processed by the thymus gland
T lymphocytes
35
Destroys the T-cells leading to the collapse of the immune system and severe infection
HIV
36
Produces T-cells where they mature
Thymus gland
37
Bacteria
Cocci (round), spirilla (spiral), spirochetes (cork-screw), vibrios (comma)
38
Type of laboratory test that determines whether bacteria is present and whether the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative
Gram stain test
39
Contain nucleic acids and proteins (capsids) but are not alive because they do not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce
Virus
40
Diseases that are considered to be of great health importance
Reportable disease
41
Host that harbors an infectious agent
Reservoirs
42
Temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding; used by ameba
Pseudopodia
43
Whip-like cell appendages used for locomotion
Flagella
44
Genetic material wrapped in a protein coat
Capsid
45
Illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person; infectious disease
Communicable disease
46
Highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers
Endospore
47
Person who does not have the trait themselves but “carries” the gene of the trait that they may pass off to their offspring
Carriers
48
Infectious diseases transmitted from one generation to the next
Vertical Transmission
49
Infectious disease is transmitted directly from an infected human to a susceptible human
Horizontal Transmission
50
Punctures from needles, injections, animal and human bites, and surgery
Parenteral Transmission
51
State, period, or place of isolation to prevent an infected person from spreading an illness to others
Quarantine
52
When an antibiotic is used, bacteria that can resist that antibiotic have a greater chance of survival than those that are "susceptible"
Antibiotic resistance
53
Tough, protective, semitransparent substance
Chitin
54
Regulates the phases of cell growth
Cyclin
55
A gene that mutated at abnormally high levels and converts normal cells into cancer cells
Oncogenes
56
Cell death
Apoptysis
57
Testicular cancer prognosis and onset
Can occur at any age, typically in 30s and 40s; 80% curable
58
Risk of ovarian cancer
Family history, history of breast cancer, history of no pregnancy, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, polycystic ovary disease, endometriosis
59
Cancer of sperm producing cells; slow growing, sensitive to radiation
Seminoma
60
Cancer that develops in the lymph system; compromises body’s ability to fight infection
Hodgkin lymphoma
61
Bladder cancer (major risk factor)
Cigarette smoking
62
Most common childhood cancer
Leukemia
63
Prostate cancer (major risk factor)
Age 60 and over
64
Liver cancer (etiology)
Damage by birth defects, alcohol abuse, or chronic infection with diseases such as hepatitis B and C and cirrhosis
65
A gene that is expressed when inherited
Dominant
66
Alternate forms of a gene, one from mom, one from dad
Allele
67
Generally from defective genes on the X chromosome; occur mostly in males and are transmitted by females
Sex-linked traits
68
Allele that manifests itself when the person is homozygous for the trait
Recessive
69
Disease that has an excess phenylalanine affect on the brain that is toxic
PKU
70
A diagram that shows the family history of a particular gene
Pedigree
71
A condition in which there is an extra sex chromosome resulting in a karyotype of 47, XXY
Klinefelter’s syndrome
72
Condition of having three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two; causes Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21
73
Study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain ones onto children
Genetics
74
Name for 44 of the 46 chromosomes that does not include the sex hormones
Autosomes
75
Name for 2 of the 46 chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
76
A person having the same two alleles of a particular gene
Homozygous
77
A person having two different alleles of a particular gene
Heterozygous
78
Blueprint for directing all cell activities and protein synthesis within the cell, double-stranded helix, made of four chemical bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
DNA
79
Autosomal recessive disorder in which hemoglobin is abnormal resulting in deformed sickle-shaped red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
80
Molecule of DNA found in the human cell
Chromosome
81
Sex-linked inherited coagulation disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors
Hemophilia
82
A diagnostic test for hereditary diseases performed on fetal cells withdrawn from amniotic fluid
Amniocentesis
83
Congenital appears at birth but are not the result of in abnormal gene or chromosome; genetic is an abnormality in a gene or chromosome
Congenital vs. genetic

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