AP US History Unit 4 Vocabulary Flashcards
When Andrew Johnson conducted the re-enfranchisement of the the Southern States; it was considered too lenient by other sources of power and many Northerners
Presidential Reconstruction
The period when the Legislative Branch of the United States took over the rebuilding of the South as well as the South’s re-admission to the Union; it was rather punitive and many Southerners despised Northern interventions into what they saw as states’ rights
Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction
Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress who sought to punish the South for starting the Civil War
Thaddeus Stevens
Constitutional law that freed all slaves
13th Amendment
Constitutional law that gave citizenship and equal rights to former slaves
14th Amendment
Constitutional law that ensured that the states had to allow black men the right to vote
15th Amendment
Government agency set up to assist former slaves in finding jobs, giving them medical help, providing food and shelter, etc; it was largely under-funded and was not very successful
Freedman’s Bureau
A white supremacist group who sought to terrorize blacks who attempted to participate in politics and society by using lynch mobs to hang people, burning crosses on people’s property, as well as other forms of terrorism and violence
Ku Klux Klan
Caused the price of cotton to drop dramatically, forcing many to sell their land to the rich and forced people into sharecropping
Panic of 1873’s impact on cotton
Used at first extensively by former slaves because they had no money; people grew crops and instead of paying a land lord with cash, he was paid with a percentage of the farmer’s produce
Sharecropping
Because people had no cash, they offered their future crops to merchants in return for loans to buy tools and seed
Crop Lien
Farmers who rented the land that they farmed instead of owning it; they were often very poor and could not escape constant debt to landlords and merchants
Tenant Farmers
The removal of black people’s rights and citizenship
Disenfranchisement
Laws specifically designed by racist Southern state governments to limit the freedoms of black Americans
Jim Crow Laws
A Supreme Court decision which stated that Americans have dual citizenship; state citizenship rights include rights not in the Constitution and are protected by state governments, national citizenship rights are explained in the Constitution and are protected by the federal government. The two spheres of power do not overlap. States can deny rights provided the Constitution
Slaughter House Cases
Racist Laws to prevent Black Americans from voting; stated that if your grandfather was in a “previous state of servitude” you could not vote
Grandfather Clauses
Racist Laws to require Black Americans to pass reading and writing tests in order to vote
Literacy Tests
Racist Laws that required people to pay a tax to vote; aimed at disenfranchising poor Black Americans
Poll Taxes
Congressional law that prohibited discrimination in public places
Equal Rights Act of 1875
Supreme Court cases that nullified the Civil Rights Act of 1875 by allowing states to discriminate against black Americans
United States v. Reese and United States v. Cruikshank
This caused many to want to focus resources away from rebuilding the South and re-enfranchising blacks, to more pressing economic concerns
Impact of the Panic of 1873 on Reconstruction
The winner of the Electoral College did NOT win the presidential election
Election of 1876
A fifteen-member delegation of Democratic and Republican Congressmen and Supreme Court Justices made a deal to end Reconstruction in exchange for a Northern Republican President, Rutherford B. Hayes
Compromise of 1877
Supreme Court Decision that allowed states and private businesses to segregate black Americans from white Americans as long as the facilities were “equal”
Plessy v. Ferguson
Allowed the mass production of steel, booming the American economy and fueling the Industrial Revolution with a cheap building material
Bessemer Process
Invented the the light bulb and the power grid to supply electricity to urban America
Thomas Edison
Was a new and cheap source of energy to power machines
Electricity
Allowed the rapid assembly of products, dropping prices dramatically
Mass Production
This product became of a vital source of energy to generate electricity, as well as a key ingredient in steel production
Coal
The production of goods on an Industrial scale, with a relatively few producers of goods supplying most of America
Assembly Line
An Act of Congress to create low interest loans, direct grants of cash, and land grants to railroad builders to spur Westward Expansion
Pacific Railroad Acts
A railroad that would span the entire nation, from East to West
Transcontinental Railroad
A corporation that built a railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to Promontory Point, Utah
Union Pacific
A corporation that built a railroad from Sacramento, California to Promontory Point, Utah
Central Pacific
Free land given by the federal, state, or local government
Land Grants
This was mostly used to build the railroads and other dangerous jobs
Immigrant Labor
This occurred as railroads pushed native people off of their lands to construct the Transcontinental Railroad
Displacement of Native People
This system of buying goods allowed people on the frontier to access urban markets
Mail-Order Products
This occurred as a conscience effort to control Indians as well as to make way for railroads
Reduction of Buffalo herds from a million to less than 1,000
A US Supreme Court decision that broke up a railroad monopoly, it was the start of the Progressive Era and government regulation
Northern Securities Company vs. US 1904
Gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would “improve” the land for five years
Homestead Act
Gave states control over sale of land to raise money to build universities specializing in agricultural, mining, and military science
Morrill Land Grant Act
Used by the US military to starve and control Indians in order to force them onto reservations and rely on the US government
Policy of buffalo eradication
Often individual miners speculating for a discovery of a mineral vein to sell so that they could sell the rights to a large mining corporation
Prospectors
One of the biggest silver veins found in the US, driving the mining industry and Westward Expansion
Comstock Lode
There were no railroads in the Southwest and there were millions of cows in high demand in cities
Reasons for Cowboys
This invention allowed farmers to stop cow herds from trampling their land and slowed the age of the cowboy
Impact of barbed wire
Resulted in new breeds of cows bred by research and development driven in agricultural universities
Cattle decimation of 1885-1887
Popularized the idea that the Western Frontier and the hardships endured by Americans their forged the American Spirit.
Frederick Jackson Turner
Extremes of weather and seasonal rains caused 2/3rds of people to abandon farms on the frontier.
Success rate of Homesteaders
Agency created by Congress to assist farmers as well as to regulate them
US Department of Agriculture
Black Americans that left the oppressive South to claim land under the Homestead Act, primarily in Kansas
Exodusters
Created by the federal government to corral and control Native Americans in order to allow Westward Expansion
Reservations of South Dakota and Oklahoma
Changed Indian policy in America from granting land to entire tribe to granting land to individual Native Americans; it was an attempt to assimilate them into white culture and farming
Dawes-Severalty Act
Gave the Sioux Indians Southwest South Dakota, but was nullified when 100,000 settlers moved there to mine gold
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson that chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.
“A Century of Dishonor”
Plains Indians who followed buffalo herds
Sioux
Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota, his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn
General George Custer
An Indian chief who refused to be conquered by the American government and accept white culture
Sitting Bull
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, whites invaded the Indians’ lands and drove them on the warpath. The war culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn in southern Montana
Battle of Little Bighorn
A massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains
Massacre at Wounded Knee
The federalist nature of the US governmental system allowed states the autonomy to allow who could and could not vote, many states in the West allowed female voting while most Eastern states did not
Women’s Suffrage
Mostly Chinese and Irish and other “new immigrants”
Laborers on Railroad construction crews
This was a law passed by both houses of Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882 banning Chinese laborers from coming to the United States because they were “taking American jobs.”
Chinese Exclusion Act
This occurred because the occupation was hard, dangerous, and because these men relied on one another to survive; ethnic background was not as important as the reliability of individuals
Egalitarian nature of cowboy culture
Transformation of American Prairie into America’s Bread Basket
This occurred as 30 million immigrants came to America for free land provided by the Homestead Act and moved West
This occurred as the US Army tried to starve out of existence the Native Americans
Extermination of American Bison
This was a technique used to extract minerals from the earth by blasting sides of mountains away with explosives and high pressure water hoses to expose minerals; it destroyed entire mountains and ecosystems
Strip Mining
The demand for lumber, especially from Great Plains farmers where no trees grew and who needed building materials
Deforestation of much of the Midwest
This occurred as huge amounts of coal were burned to create electricity and to power industrial machines, as well as other harmful chemicals used in industrial processes
Factory pollution
A group of investors who pool their resources and own a business collectively, often times selling stocks and bonds to the public to raise money for the business
Corporation
A share of a company that an individual investor can buy, when the company does well, the value of the company increases it benefits shareholders, when the company does poorly, the company is worth less and the shareholder is negatively impacted
Stock
Essentially, this is a loan that a person gives to a corporation and in exchange, the corporation promises the investment back, plus interest
Bond
The more of something you produce, the cheaper it is per-unit to produce that good
Scale of Economy
A corporation who attempts to buy a controlling amount of stock in many companies that harvest raw materials, transport goods, and create finished products in an attempt of the corporation to control the production of a product from start to finish
Holding Company
A legal business maneuver where a person or corporation attempts to control a product from raw material to selling of a finished product
Vertical Integration
An illegal business maneuver when a corporation attempts to completely control the distribution of a product, that corporation attempts to be the only corporation that sells that one item, it is a monopoly!
Horizontal Integration
This occurred as the American economy relied almost completely on the success of a relatively few number of HUGE corporations; when these corporations did well, people had money, when they performed poorly, the entire American economy suffered
Boom and Bust Cycles
Cheap source of energy to boil water to make electricity
Coal
Women, children and the newest, poorest, most in-need-of-work immigrant laborers
Control-able Work force
Because corporations had nearly every aspect of a market consolidated, they could predict costs, expenditures, losses, and financial gains before they even happened, thus allowing them to entice investors (either honestly or dishonestly) to invest in their corporations!
Projecting Profits for the future
This allowed the 24 hour production of goods in factories
Light bulb increases production
Occurred because Industrialists were concerned only with making huge profits, not with the health and safety of their laborers
Subsistence income
Extremely long because Industrialists were trying to make humans as efficient and productive as machines
Working Hours
This was used because Industrialists needed small hands and bodies to fix and operate huge industrial machines
Child Labor
These were the most desperate for work people in the United States and usually the pool of labor that Industrialists preferred
Immigrant Labor
Name given to fabulously rich and powerful industrialists who used abusive labor practices, profit-driven business practices, illegal business deals
Robber Barons
Occurred because Industrialists were concerned only with making huge profits, not with the health and safety of their laborers
500,000 deaths and maimings annually
The idea that if laborers banded together they would have more power and influence when negotiating for workers’ rights with powerful Industrialists
Collective Bargaining
Eight hour work days, safer working conditions, restrictions on child labor, higher pay, and better treatment
Goals of Unions
This was broken up by President Rutherford B. Hayes with the US Army because he said it disrupted interstate trade, an area over which Congress has power, according to the Constitution
Railroad Strike of 1877
The first major national labor union that allowed both skilled and unskilled labor into the union in order to create a powerful group that could use collective bargaining to work for better working conditions for the working class
Knights of Labor
Seen as a turning point where many in society began to suspect that unions were too radical and too violent when trying to achieve labor goals
Haymarket Square Riots
A confederation of many skilled labor unions united into one larger union; this national union excluded unskilled laborers, women, many immigrant groups, and blacks and Latinos
American Federation of Labor
This man organized the American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
The focus of the American Federation of Labor, such as higher wages and better working conditions instead of political goals like socialism or other radical political ideologies
Bread and Butter Issues
A corporation that seeks to establish a monopoly, or complete control of the production and selling of a product
Trusts
Government control and influence in the private sector, i.e. ensuring safety standards, monitoring pollution, inspecting workplaces, etc.
Government Regulation
This man was seen as an evil and corrupt Robber Baron who used illegal and abusive methods to gain control over much of the US railroad system
Jay Gould
This man created standard Oil and the idea of the holding company to control many companies that produce, transport, and distribute oil
John D. Rockefeller
A monopoly that controlled nearly the entire American oil supply
Standard Oil
A Scottish immigrant who went from rags to riches; he used the Bessemer Process to mass produce steel to meet the demands for building material in Industrial America
Andrew Carnegie
The name given to the rich and powerful Industrialists who used cut-throat and abusive business tactics to create monopolies
Robber Barons
Supreme Court cases that said that the states were allowed to regulate the private sector and even set maximum prices for goods and services in some instances
Munn v. Illinois
Legislation that attempted to give the federal government the power to break up monopolies and to regulate the private sector; it was weak and ineffective because it was not specific enough; the Supreme Court also ruled in several cases in favor of big business and allowed Robber Barons to use it to break up Labor Unions instead of its purpose, to break up monopolies!
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
Supreme Court Case that said the federal government has no power to break up a sugar monopoly because sugar is produced within the states, therefore the federal government has no constitutional authority over intra-state (within a state) commerce
US v. EC Knight Company 1895
This law gave the federal government real power to regulate big business and break up monopolies and fixed the flaws of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
Clayton Antitrust Act 1916
This law created a federal commission (people who monitor something) to ensure that the railroad industry was not price-gouging and used fair business practices
Interstate Commerce Act
This law gave the federal government the power to set maximum rates that the railroads could charge for people and freight, it was seen as a major victory by farmers
Hepburn Act 1906
Instead of coming from Northwestern Europe and being Protestant, many Eastern and Southern Europeans, many of which were Catholic began to come to America after the Civil War
New Immigrants versus Old Immigrants
This Law forbade unskilled Chinese laborers from coming to the United States
Chinese Exclusion Act
The poorest members of the labor force, usually working in factories and dangerous jobs, most were the newest immigrants to the US
Working Class
As factories hired and fired people based on demand, people wandered from job to job and city to city in search of work
Migrant Workers in Industry
The immigration port in New York City where most European immigrants went to enter into the US
Ellis Island
Slum homes that were poorly built, susceptible to fires, and dirty
Tenement Homes
Groups of immigrants who live near other immigrants from the same background and language group
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Since most immigrants who came to the US went to this city first, it became a center of diversity, forging many ethnic groups into a unique American culture
New York City as Melting Pot
This law passed in 1862 gave free land to anyone who would live on it for five years, it was a major force pulling people to the US from other countries
Homestead Act
The idea that only the strongest and best suited to business would survive in a market free of government interventions, this would produce the best and cheapest products for society
Social Darwinism
The belief that the government should not place rules and restrictions on business because it retards business
Anti-regulation
These are all government interventions that businesses liked because it was government assistance to industry
Tax exemptions, grants, tariffs
The idea that only a select few should be extremely wealthy and that they should use their wealth and power to benefit society, Andrew Carnegie was a proponent of this ideology
Gospel of Wealth
The belief based on Christianity’s dogma that Jesus helped the poor in a very hands-on sort of way and so too should people in Industrial America
Social Gospel
A proponent of the Social Gospel who lived and worked with the poor of Chicago, trying to improve their lives
Jane Addams
Centers of charity in poor neighborhoods created by proponents of the Social Gospel to relieve the plight of the poor
Settlement Houses
A settlement house started by Jane Addams in Chicago to house, feed, and educate the poor
Hull House
The majority of those who attempted to farm the Great Plains of America
Failed Homesteaders
Dirty, dangerous, low paying factory jobs
Industrial Work
Were often forced to take industrial jobs because they were desperate for income
Immigrants
Formed by people of like-backgrounds in urban areas
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Fewer people were needed to produce greater amounts of food because of industrial machines, creating a greater food supply for factory workers in urban areas
Increased efficiency and productivity of agriculture
Apartment buildings in poor neighborhoods that was dirt and dangerous
Tenement Housing
Occurred because there was no sanitation, sewage systems, and waste removal provided by municipal governments
Disease and poverty of ethnic neighborhoods
Began to appear on the periphery of cities as those with enough money moved away from dirty and dangerous city centers
Middle class neighborhoods
City governments, these were very weak and provided very few services to people living in cities
Municipal governments
Gained power by creating and running political machines to provide services, jobs, and police forces to people living in cities because there were no city governments providing these services
Political bosses
The groups of people who administered services and created jobs for poor immigrants living in cities in exchange for “donations” and political support (voting)
Political machines
The most notorious political boss of the Industrial Revolution Era who stole tens of millions of dollars and abused people’s rights with intimidation, extortion, and fear
Boss Tweed
The political machine that ran the state of New York, highly corrupt and abusive
Tammany Hall
The governor of New York who brought down Boss Tweed and reduced the power of the Tammany Hall political machine
Samuel J. Tilden
Increased DRAMATICALLY as the poor worked dangerous, boring, long hours in dismal conditions
Urban alcohol consumption
This occurred because there were exponentially more objects to purchase available because of the efficiency and mass production of the Industrial Revolution
Increase of consumerism
Large numbers of middle class and upper class Americans began to engage in this sort of past time for the first time
Shopping as entertainment
Famous streets were the rich and powerful lived and shopped for high end goods
Fifth Avenue, Euclid Avenue
This man was a Jewish immigrant from Hungary that migrated to the US and created a new system of newspaper; he crusaded against the abuse of the poor, and other progressive reforms
Joseph Pulitzer
This man was an American-born newspaper owner who utilized Yellow Journalism to increase his newspaper circulation and was able to increase his newspapers’ circulation throughout the entire nation
William Randolph Hearst
This is the reporting of the news in very sensational and dramatic ways that emphasizes fear, large headlines, exaggerated accounts, un-named eye witnesses, etc. to sell more papers; the emphasis is on selling papers, not on reporting news.
Yellow Journalism
During the late 1800s, these began to be read by Americans more than ever before, allowing the rapid spread of news and the increase in the power of the media in politics, society, and the economy
Daily Newspapers
This American author changed the style of wring in the United States; he used wit and humor to tell stories of morality and struggle
Mark Twain
This is the name that Mark Twain (aka Samuel Clemens) gave to the late 1800s and early 1900s because it appeared to be covered in gold from the outside, but worthless and tarnished if you dug beneath the surface
The Gilded Age
Because this transportation industry had a monopoly, it could charge whatever prices it wished, hurting the working class the most
Railroad Price Gouging Farmers
This Supreme Court Case said that states had the authority to regulate railroad prices within their borders; it is a landmark case and seen as the start of government intervention in the private sector (business)
Munn v. Illinois 1877
-This was five member board that was created by Congress to monitor railroad prices so that railroad owners were treating charging the same prices for everyone and not price gouging farmers
Interstate Commerce Commission
This hurt farmers and occurred because industrial machines, more farmland available, and more farmers created massive increases in the amount of food grown in the US
Crop price drops
Farmers had to borrow money from banks to buy farming necessities like land, tools, and seed; farmers were required to pay the banks back at predetermined rates and for a set number of years
Farmer’s fixed loans
This occurred as many farmers wanted more money in circulation so that there would be inflation because of the increase in the money supply, this would make farmers fixed-rate mortgages easier to pay back to banks
Demand for “Free Silver”
The working class advocated for a silver currency standard to make it easier to pay off their loans while the rich advocated for a gold standard to keep the price of money high, which would benefit them
Silver as class-divisive
Banks, Wall Street, and other financial and Industrial institutions advocated for this sort of currency because it kept cash in high demand and limited and therefore “expensive,” which benefit those who give out loans
Advocates of gold standard
This region supported silver as a currency because they were farmers and miners who would benefit
Western support of “free silver”
This occurred during the late 1800s as farmers banded together to have a louder voice during Industrial Development in the US
Grange Movement
These were associations of farmers that banned together and pooled money and resources to buy expensive farming machines, seed, land, etc
Granger Cooperatives
Organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads
Farmers Alliance
This was the political party of the Populist Movement
Peoples Party
This was a major movement of farmers in the late 1800s that pulled together most of working-class America who felt as if they were being abused by the changes that were occurring due to the Industrial Revolution; it would die off by the early 1900s, but be reborn with the Progressive Movement of the early 1900s
Populist Movement
More power to the people at the state level, such as referendums, recall elections, and the direct election of Senators, they wanted the regulation of railroad prices, cheap loans from the federal government, and the usage of silver as a currency to cause inflation
Populist Desires
This economic depression occurred because the US based its paper money off of how much gold the federal government had locked in reserves, when people cashed in their paper notes for gold, there was a major shortage of money available and people advocated that the US base its currency off of silver instead of gold, because silver is more abundant
Panic of 1893 and push for free silver
This was the candidate for the Socialist Party that sought to push the government to own major industry like railroads and telegraph lines so that rich industrialists could not abuse the poor
Eugene V. Debs
This man ran for president many times for several different political parties, he was seen as the main proponent of the Populist Movement
William Jennings Bryan
“You shall not push down this crown of thorns upon the brow of labor, you shall not nail us to this gold cross.”
Golden Cross Speech
This law changed the way that federal government employees would be hired; now job-seekers would have to take a civil service test and high marks earned jobs, low ones did not, it also created the Civil Service Commission
Civil Service Reform
Federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. It also created the Civil Service Commission
Pendleton Act
This is the agency that was created to enforce the Pendleton Act
Civil Service Commission
This law gave the power of the federal government to monitor railroads to ensure they were charging fair prices to people
Interstate Commerce Act
This is the five-member board that supervised the execution of the Interstate Commerce Act
Interstate Commerce Commission
This Supreme Court decision gave states the authority to regulate railroad prices in their state
Munn v. Illinois
This occurred at the end of the 1800s when the Republican Party began to be associated with Conservatisms and being pro big business and against government regulation of Industry
Political Realignment of Republican Party
This occurred at the end of the 1800s when the Democratic Party began to be associated with farmers, the working class, and making progressive reforms, like regulating business and provided social welfare services
Political Realignment of Democratic Party
Characterized by progress and change and the regulation of business with government interventions
Populists and Progressives
Newspaper journalists who exposed the atrocities of city life and industrialization
Muckrakers
A book written to expose the illegal and dishonest practices that created Standard Oil
History of Standard Oil
Book written to expose the contamination and filth of the meatpacking industry, it caused government reform of food processing in America
The Jungle
Governor of Wisconsin that instilled many changes in his state to give voters more rights, it was an increase in democracy at the state level!
Robert LaFollette
This allows voters to propose laws to their state legislatures to vote on
Ballot Initiative
This allows state legislators to allow voters to approve or disapprove of laws with a popular state-wide vote
Referendums
This allows voters to fire elected officials and vote in new ones
Recall Elections
This occurred because William McKinley was assassinated by a disgruntled government job seeker
T. Roosevelt rise to presidency
Nickname given to Teddy Roosevelt for dismantling harmful monopolies in the US
Trust Buster
Nature preserves created by the Federal Government to protect land from investment, mining, logging, and commercial enterprise
National Parks
President who passed two Progressive Era Amendments, one to create a federal income tax, one to force states to allow the people to vote for Senators instead of having state legislatures choose them
Taft and the 16th and 17th Amendments
Roosevelt’s belief that the Federal Government’s role was to protect human rights, even at the expense of property rights
New Nationalism
Woodrow Wilson’s philosophy that the Federal Government needed to revise anti-trust legislation, business regulation, banking regulations, and tighter control on monetary policies
New Freedom
This is government intervention, or regulation with laws, of privatly owned businesses
Government Interventions
Created to regulate and stop unfair business practices, part of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Federal Trade Commission
Laws and agencies created to regulate business, break up monopolies, and ensure fair trade
Clayton Antitrust Act
Created to regulate the money supply, interest rates, and other financial institutions in the US
Federal Reserve System
This was introduced in Congress for over 20 years every, but never passed until the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote
Women’s Suffrage Bill
She, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton were the most prominent women’s suffragists in the US during the Progressive Era
Susan B. Anthony
This was a group that tried to gain support in Congress and in society so that women could vote and have more rights
American Suffrage Association
-She was a very forceful women’s rights advocate who was highly criticized for advocating that women should be allowed to use birth control and that state governments should not be able to make birth control illegal
Margaret Sanger
This is part of the Constitution and ensures that all states allow women the right to vote
19th Amendment
This man was a prominent black rights’ leader and co-founded the NAACP, he was the first black man to recieve a Ph.d from harvard and believed in immediate equal rights for black Americans. He Opposed Booker T. Washington’s “moderate” approach for gradual rights
W.E.B. Du Bois
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; it was created to advocate for black rights and fight for them in the American legislative and judicial systems
NAACP
This man was a prominent black rights’ leader who believed that blacks should have equal rights, but understood that it would be a slow, incremental process, not an immediate one. He advocated that black Americans accept their position given to them by whites and slowly work for more rights through economic gains
Booker T. Washington
This university was founded by Booker T. Washington in his attempt to advocate for black rights
Tuskegee Institute
This is the term that W.E.B. Du Bois ascribed to those who wished to appease white Americans in black Americans’ struggle for rights; Du Bois rejected this philosophy
Accommodationist
This speech was given by Booker T. Washington in which he state that the black community should submit to white racism and disenfranchisement in return for jobs and education
Atlanta Exposition
This was a pejorative (derogatory) terms coined W.E.B. Du Bois to describe his hatred of the Atlanta Exposition where Booker T. Washing told blacks to submit to white racism in return for jobs and education
Atlanta Compromise
This began in about 1910 and was when 2 million black Americans moved out of the South in into the Midwest, Northeast, and the West seeking to free themselves of white racist oppression
Start of the Great Migration
