AP Biology Evolution Test Flashcards
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a theory in everyday use?
A** theory** is a conclusion in which is formed to explain a phenomenon.
A scientific theory is a conclusion in which is formed with ample amounts of evidence to support the statement. It can be modified with new evidence found.
What is the difference between Lamarck’s theory and Darwin’s theory?
Lamarck’s theory was a proposal on how population has come to possess certain traits. His theory consisted of the use or disuse of inheritance through acquired traits
Darwin’s theory was that species over time can adapt to their environment and surroundings in order to survive. Species can also pass down heritable traits to the next generations to come.
What are the principles of natural selection?
Overproduction- each species produces more individuals and offsprings than can survive to maturity
Genetic variation- individuals differ in variation; much is heritable
Struggle to survive- resources are limited; individuals must compete in unfavorable conditions
Differential reproduction- having certain traits are more likely to reproduce and survive than those that lack the traits
Adaptive evolution- over time, population will have favorable characteristics
What are some people, events, or ideas that influenced Darwin in his theory of evolution?
Artistotle- species are fixed and unchanged
Linnaeus- taxonomy, “patterns of creation”
Cuvier- studied rocks and fossils
Hutton- studied gradualism
Lyell- studied uniformatrianism
Lamarck- inheritance of acquired traits
Fossil records
Voyage on the HMS Beagle around the world for 5 years
True/False
Individual organisms evolve
False
True/False
Natural selection can amplify/diminish traits that are heritable
True
True/False
Environments can vary from place to place and time to time
True
Homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
Vestigal structures
Historical remnants of structures that had functions in ancestors
Molecular homologies
Similarities among organisms at the molecular level beyond a shared code
Biogeography
Geographic distribution of species where closely related species tend to be found in the same region
Fossil records
Evolutionary transitions that are left inrecords explaining anatomical and molecular homologies
Allele frequency
p + q = 1
(dominant) + (recessive)
Genotype frequency
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
(homozygous dominant) + (heterozygous) + (homozygous recessive)
What are the five conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem?
No gene mutations
No migration of individuals
Random mating- individuals mating by chance
No genetic drift- a chance change in allele frequency
No natural selection- change in allele frequency due to the environment
Genetic drift
Random stuff happens all the time (if the population is small, it can have a big effect)
Bottleneck effect
Drastic reduction in a population
Founder effect
Few individuals from a population starts a new population with a different allele frequency from the original
Gene flow
Adding or subtracting alleles due to movement of fertile individuals (immigration/emigration)
Natural selection
Primary mechanism of evolution in which differential success in reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms in their environment
Mutation
Only way “new” alleles originate (point/chromosomal)
Sexual recombination
“New combination” of alleles
Adaptive evolution
Over time, favroable characteristics are observed with a population
Directional selection
One trait is favored or the other
Disruptive selection
Intermediate trait is not favored; two traits are favored instead
Stabilizing selection
Intermediate trait is favored
Evolutionary fitness
The probability that the line of descent from an individual with a specific trait will not die out
Why can’t natural selection fashion perfect organisms?
- Evolution is limited by historical constraints (does not scrap and start over)
- Adaptions are often compromises (does different things)
- Chance and natural selection interact (some unfavorable phenotypes get lucky)
- Selection can only edit existing variations
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution- evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a populatoin from generation to generation
Macroevolution- Evolutionary change above the species level, including the appearance of major evolutionary developments
Biological species concept
Species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring
Morphological species concept
Measurable anatomical criteria such as body shape, size, and other structural features
Paleontological species concept
Morphological differences known only from the fossil record
Ecological species concept
Ecological roles (niche) and role in the community
Phylogenetic species concept
Unique genetic history from molecular sequences
Prezygotic barrier
- Habitat isolation: live in different habitats
- Temporal isolation: mate in different seasons
- Behavorial isolation: different courtship behaviors
- Mechanical isolation: differences don’t allow mating
- Gametic isolation: sperm cannot fertilize egg
Postzygotic barrier
- Reduced hybird viablity (weak and underdeveloped)
- Reduced hybird fertility (sterile)
- Hybird breakdown: fertile for a generation or two but successive generations are feable and sterile
Allopatric speciation
- Geographic isolation
- Gene pool starts changing separately from each other (mutations, sexual selection, natural selection, genetic drift)
Sympatric speciation
- No geographic isolation
- Radical genetic changes that make the groups incompatible
- Sexual selection that leds to incompatible groups
Adaptive radiation
Emergence of many species from a common ancestor to a new environment
What is the significance of homeotic genes in macroevolution?
Changes the gene through the arrangement of body parts such as duplicating, deleting, or translocating
What is the difference between convergent evolution and divergent evolution?
Divergent evolution occurs when two organisms that shared a common ancestor become more and more dissimilar as they evolve
Convergent evolution is when different species acquire the same trait because of environmental pressure
What is the classification scheme and how does it connect to phylogeny?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
It is displayed through the branching of ohylogenetic trees as it shows the different classes through its ancestral history
Fossil record
- Reveals ancestry
- Limitations:
- Due in the right time and place
- Destroyed by geoloical processes
- Only a fraction of fossils have been discovered
- Biased towards species that existed long ago
Morphology
- Similar physical structures can indicate shared ancestry
Molecular
- Smiliar gene sequence can indicate shared ancestry
