Biology Semester I Exam Flashcards
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0
Q
What are the steps of the scientific method?
A
- Question
- Research
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Record data
- Analyze data
- Conclusion
1
Q
What are the four parts of the Scientific Theory?
A
- Explaination of the natural world
- Based on significant evidence
- Tested repeatedly
- Can be changed/rejected from new evidence
2
Q
What is an independent variable?
A
It is what you are testing.
3
Q
What is a dependent variable?
A
It is what you are measuring.
4
Q
How does chemistry relate to living things?
A
All living things are made out of matter and has chemical reactions inside of them.
5
Q
How does an ionic bond form?
A
Iconic bonds form when atoms gove or take electrons, which is also transferring.
6
Q
How is it different than a covalent bond?
A
Covalent bonds form when they share electrons.
7
Q
How are covalent bonds related to water molecules?
A
There are 8 valence electrons being shared.
8
Q
How are polar molecules related to water molecules?
A
Both sides are partial.
9
Q
How are hydrogen bonds related to water molecules?
A
They have weak attractions.
10
Q
What is a macromolecule?
A
It is a polymer made up of monomers.
11
Q
What does hydrophobic and hydrophillic mean?
A
Hydrophobic is when it cannot be dissolved in water. Hydrophillic is when polar molecules can be dissolved in water.
12
Q
What are examples of nucleic acid?
A
DNA, RNA, and ATP
13
Q
What are the four macromolecules?
A
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid
14
Q
What is a cell?
A
It is the smallest unit that can carry on all processes of life.
15
Q
What is the Cell Theory?
A
- All living things are made up of cells.
- It is the basic unit of life.
- It comes from pre-existing cells.
16
Q
How do you calculate the total magnification for a compund light microscope?
A
Multiply the eyepiece with the objective lense. (10x)
17
Q
What is the hierachy of multicellular organisms?
A
Cells, tissues, organ, organ systems, and organism.
18
Q
What is the function of the nucleus?
A
It controls the center of the cell and contains DNA.
19
Q
What is the function of the ribosomes?
A
It makes proteins in the cell.
20
Q
What is the function of the golgi body?
A
It prepares celluar products in a cell.
21
Q
What does selectively permeable mean?
A
It means that a few things can pass through it.
22
Q
What is a fluid mosaic?
A
It is a fluid like water and is constantly changing.
23
Q
Namne 3 functions of the cell membrane proteins.
A
- Transportation
- Communication
- Binds to the cutoskeleton
24
What is diffusion?
Movement of the particles from H to L.
25
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane.
26
Give an example of a solution. What is the solute and solvent?
Kookaid. The solute is water. The solvent is powder.
27
What is passive transport?
It is moving materials between H to L and energy is required.
28
What is active transport?
It is moving marerials from L to H and energy is required.
29
What is endocytosis?
It is moving materials into the cell.
30
What is exocytosis?
It is moving materials out of a cell.
31
What are two body of knowledges about the natural world?
Theories and laws
32
What are examples of theories?
Cell Theory, atomic theory
33
What is the process of investigating the natural world?
1. Testing hypothesis
2. Making hypothesis
3. Developing models
34
How do you go from large to small in the metric system?
Move the decimal to the left or divide by ten for each unit you jump
35
How do you go from small to large in the metric system?
Move the decimal to the left or divide by ten for each unit you jump
36
What is the base of the metric system?
1
37
What is deci?
.1
38
What is centi?
.01
39
What is milli?
.001
40
What is deka?
10
41
What is hecta?
100
42
What is kilo?
1000
43
What is a data table?
Organize the information collected from experiments or research
44
What is a graph?
Provides a clear picture of numerical relationships
45
What does a data table need?
Title, columns with headings, units
46
What does a graph need?
Title, axes, labels, units, numbera on axes
47
What are the two types of graphs?
Line and bar graph
48
Love of loving
-phile/philibic
49
Fear of; fearing
-phob/phobic
50
One
Mon/mono-
51
Many
Poly-
52
Large
Macro-
53
Breaks
-lysis
54
Sugar
-ose
55
Nucleus
-Karyo
56
True
Eu-
57
Before
Pro-
58
Cell
Cyto-
59
More than one
Multi-
60
More than/above/higher
Hyper-
61
Less than/below/lower
Hypo-
62
Same/equal
Iso-
63
In/internal
Endo-
64
Out/external
Exo-
65
Self
Auto-
66
Different
Hetero-
67
What are the characteristics of a proton?
Positive, nucleus
68
What are the characteristics of a neutron?
Neutral, nucleus
69
What are the characteristics of an electron?
Negative, orbitals
70
Atom with a charge (gain/lose electron)
Ion
71
Atom of the same element, but with different numbers of neutrons
Isotope
72
Number of protons
Atomic number
73
Number of protons and neutrons
Atomic mass
74
What is the maximum of each cell?
Shell 1- 2
Shell 2- 8
Shell 3- 8
75
What is a chemical bond?
Attractive forces that holds atoms together
76
What is an ionic bond?
Bond between atoms with opposite charges
77
What is a covalent bond?
Bond formed when atoms share electrons
78
What does a ionic bond do?
1. Give/take electrons
| 2. Opposite charges are attracted
79
What does a covalent bond do?
1. No ion is formed
| 2. Share electrons
80
What does both ionic and covalent bonds do?
1. Hold atoms
| 2. Valence electrons
81
What is water made of?
Oxygen and two hydrogen bonds
82
Oxygen has a stronger pull than hydrogen
True
83
What is a polar molecule?
Opposite charges on opposite ends of the molecules is due to uneven sharing of e-
84
What is a hydrogen bonds?
Weak attractions between polar molecules which is weak individually, but strong collectively
85
What is cohesion?
H2O molecules are attracted to each other; polarity
86
What is surface tension?
Cohesion of water molecules at the surface; hydrogen bond
87
What is adhesion?
H2O molecules are attracted to other substances; polarity
88
What is universal solvent?
Wayer dissolves many substances; polarity
89
What is high heat capacity?
Much energy is needed to change the temperature to H2O; hydrogen bonds
90
What is a monomer?
Molecules that can be bonded together to form polymers
91
What is a polymer?
A substance with a molecular structure formed by polymers
92
Rxn that links monomers together
Condensation reaction
93
Rxn that breaks apart a polymer
Hydrolysis
94
What are carbohydrates?
Monosaccharride: fructose, glucose, galactose
Disaccharide and polyssacharride
Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Used for: table sugar, milk sugar, grain sugar
95
What are lipids?
Fatty acid
Triglyceride, phospolipids, wax, steroids
Examples: fats and oils, cell membrane, beewax, ear eax, plant wax, hormones
Used for: energy protection, barrier between cell and environment, waterproof barrier communicate, regulate
96
What are proteins?
Amino acid
Dipeptide, polypeptide, finished polypeptide (protein)
Used for: movement, transportation, communication, structures, catalyst
Examples: muscles, hemoglobin, hormones, keratin, collagon, elaston, enzymes
97
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid
Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
Used for: contains information that determines an organism's traits, transfer information from DNA to the rest of the cell, cell energy
98
Who is Hooke?
Discovered cells
99
Who is Scheiden?
Concludes plants are made up of cells
100
Who is Leeuwenhoek?
Describes cells as single-celled organisms
101
Who is Schwann?
Concludes animals are made up of cells
102
Who is Virchow?
Concludes all cells are made up of cells
103
What is the organization of multicellular organisms?
Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
104
Allows certain things to enter or leave the cell
| Allows the cell to excrete wastes and interact with its environment
Cell membrane
105
Protects the cell's genetic information
| DNA is transcribed into RNA
Nucleus
106
Transfers energy from molcules to ATP
| Convert molecules into energy for the cell
Mitchondria
107
Build proteins
Ribosomes
108
Path along molecules that move from one part of a cell to another (smooth and rough)
Endoplasmic reticulum
109
Modifies cellular products and prepares them for export
Golgi apparatus
110
Migrate and merge with the plasma membrane releasing contents outside of the cell
Vesicles
111
Give shape to the inside of the cell
| Items move around inside of the cell
Cytoskeleton
112
Proteins and carbohydrates form a stiff box around each cell
| Pores allows molecules to enter and exit
Cell wall
113
Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon and water
Chloroplast
114
Stores water, enzymes, metabollic waste, and other minerals
Large central vacuole
115
What is function of the cell membrane?
1. Boundary layer
2. Maintain homeostasis by selective permable
3. Provides a cytoskeleton
4. Communication tool between cells
116
What are the functions of the fluid mosaic?
1. Behaves more like fluid
2. Lipids and proteins move side to side
3. Pattern is dynamic
117
What is the cell membrane composed of?
Phospholipid, cholesterol, cytoskeleton, peripheral protein, carbohydrate, integral protein
118
How do materials tend to move?
Concentration gradient
119
Movement from high to low
No energy required
Types: simple and facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
120
Movement from low to high
Energy required
Types: cell membrane pump, vesicles
Active transport
121
Movement of particles from high to low
Diffusion
122
Transport of materials across a cell membrane for high to low with help from a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
| Example: glucose
123
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Osmosis
124
Carrier protein to transport from high to low using ATP
Cell membrane pumps
125
Materials moving into the cell
Endocytosis
126
Materials moving out of a cell
Exocytosis
127
What cell organelle is apart of the plant cell but not animal?
Chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole
128
What is a prokaryote cell?
More simple, no nucleus, DNA is "floating", no membrane-bound organelle smaller
Example: bacteria
129
What is an eukaryote cell?
More complex, true nucleus, DNA is contained, have membrane bound organelle, larger
Example: animals and plants
130
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphoshate; compound bonded into three phosphate groups
131
Energy is essential to life
True
132
All living things must be able to obtain energy
True
133
Carries out all processes of life
True
134
What is the energy source of cells?
Food, glucose, ATP
135
CO2+H2O to sunlight to C6H2O2+O2
Photosynthesis equation
136
C6H12O6+O2+O2 to CO2+H2O
Cellular respiration
137
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
138
Where does cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
139
What is an autotroph?
Organisms uses energy from the sun or makes their own nutrients
140
What is a heterotroph?
Organisms cannot make their own nutrients and feeds off of other organisms
141
What are the two stages in which photosynthesis occurs?
Light Dependent Reactions
| Calvin Cycle
142
What is the Light Dependent Reactions?
Thylakoid membrane
Sunlight, H2O (APD+P, NADP+)
O2 (ATP, NADPH)
143
What is the Calvin Cycle?
Stroma
CO2 (ATP, NADPH)
Glucose
144
What are the three stages in which cellular respiration occurs?
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
145
What is the glycolysis?
Cytoplasm
Glucose, 2 ATP
2 ATP; CO2, -e, 2 pyruvate
146
What is the Kreb's Cycle?
Matrix
2 pyruvate
CO2, 2 ATP, -e
147
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
Inner membrane
-e, oxygen
32 ATP, H2O
148
Biology is the study of
Life
149
What is not a characteristic of living things?
Complexity
150
A scientific theory
May be revised as new evidence is presented
151
Calculate: Ocular- 10x, objective- 40x
400x
152
What is not a metric unit?
Inch
153
What is a metric unit?
Liter
154
What is the proper way to smell chemicals in the lab?
Gently waft
