AP Biology Semester II Exam Flashcards
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?
Accepting electrons at the end of the ETC
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?
Glycolysis
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced
All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except
Adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water
During aerobic respirations, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
Food—NADH—ETC—Oxygen
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration located?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by _____ and use primarily for ______.
ETC; ATP synthesis
The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
Reduce FAD+ to FADH2
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?
Red and yellow
What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas?
Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released
An outcome of this experiment was to help determine
The relationship between wavelengths of light and the oxygen released during photosynthesis
Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true?
A, B, and C are true
What does cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce?
ATP
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the
Synthesis of ATP
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it
Reduction of oxygen which forms water
Respiration
Reduction of NADP+
Photosynthesis
Splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds
Neither photosynthesis nor respiration
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin
cycle?
The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the
light reactions
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
Synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of
3-phosphoglycerate molecules
Plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the
CAM plants
From that perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are
Signal reception: Signal molecule binds to a receptor protein causing it to change shape
Signal transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay singles from the receptors to target molecules in the cells
Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of cytoplasmic activities or transcription
The process of transaction usually begins
When the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way
Testosterone functions inside a cell by
Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nuclear and activates specific genes
Which of the following is not true of cell communication systems?
Signal receptors are always bound to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?
Receptor tyrosine kinase activity
The response of a particular cell to a signal depends on
A, B, and C
Of the following, the best conclusion concerning the difference between the S phases for beta and gamma is that
Gamma contains more DNA than beta.
The best conclusion concerning delta is that the cells
Are actually in the G phase
Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with
Two nuclei
The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell and nuclei are re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this?
A plant cell undergoing cytokinesis
The correct sequence of the steps in the M phase of the cell cycle is
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that
Prevents shortening of microtubules
A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of
16; 16; 8
Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis?
Metaphase
Mitosis is represented by which number?
IV
G1 is represented by which number(s)?
I and V
Which number represents DNA synthesis?
II
Which number represents the point in the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are replicated?
II
Which of the following are true concerning Cdk?
Both B and C are true
By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory atmosphere chamber that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Miller and Urey obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller and Urey were attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller’s experiments best support which of the following hypothesis?
The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth abiotic conditions
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S squared, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S cubed, where S=the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?
Picture of the smallest cube
During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
According to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degrees C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?
The mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees C
According to the data, the crickets at 25 degrees C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do crickets at 10 degrees C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their
Mode of internal temperature regulation
According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is
Increased by exposure to light
The most probable cause for the difference in mean stem length between plants in dish A and plants in dish B is which of the following?
Elongation of seedlings in response to the lack of light
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the difference in leaf color is genetically controlled?
The number of germinated seeds in dish A on days 7 and 14
Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because
Yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy
Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases
Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?
After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels
Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data?
C
Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such a mutation would most likely result in altered
Properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules
Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population after pollution and a correct rationale for the change?
The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker- colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter-colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the darker- colored beetles
The data in the graph best support which of the following claims?
Environmental contamination reduces total testosterone oxido-reductase activity in females
Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence?
Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life
If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?
The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine
If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released
Which of the following statements is correct?
At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has
Strenuous exercise lowers the blood pH, causing the curves for both hemoglobin and myoglobin to shift to the right. This shift results in
An unloading of O2 at higher partial pressures
Which of the following best describes the physiological significance of the different oxygen-binding capabilities of hemoglobin and myoglobin?
They enhance movement of oxygen from the blood into the muscles
Based on the chart, which of the following would be the most reasonable plan for the students to follow?
Using relative dating techniques to determine the geological ages of the fossils found so they can calculate the rate of speciation of early organisms
Testosterone functions in a signal transduction pathway
Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes
Know the stages of the cell cycle and major events that occur in each stage
Interphase: Not dividing G1: Cell is doing its job; growth S: Copying DNA G2: Duplicating organelles Mitosis: Cell division
Know the basics of mitosis
- Does not reduce chromosome number (2n-2n)
- Growth and repair
- Asexual
- Diploid: Diploid
Genes
Unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific sequence of DNA
Homologous chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes having the same gene sequences, each derived from one parent
Sister chromatids
Two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a chromosome that duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle
Karyotype
Number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species
Know what diploid (2n) and haploid (n) numbers mean
Haploid cells have have the number of diploid cells
Know the difference between gametic and somatic cells, and which process (meiosis or mitosis is used to produce them)
Somatic: Body cells, diploid, 2n, 46 chromosomes
Gametic: Reproductive cells, haploid, n, 23 chromosomes
Know the end result and purpose of meiosis
4 non-genetically identical daughter cells and making gametes (eggs and sperms)
Know the basic stages of meiosis and major events in each stage
Prophase I: Synapsis
Prophase I: : Crossing over
Metaphase I: Tetrads lining up at the metaphase plate
Anaphase I: Separation of homologues
Anaphase II: Separation of sister chromatids
Know similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: DNA replication, one division, no synapsis of homologous chromosomes, 2 genetically identical daughter cells, growth and repair
Meiosis: DNA replication, two divisions, synapsis of homologous chromosomes, 4 non-genetically identical daughter cells, making gametes
Know the base pair rules
A-T, C-G or U
Know the type of bond formed between paired bases in the DNA double helix
Hydrogen bond
Know what it means to say that “the strands that make up DNA are antiparallel”
Two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. This property of antiparallelity allows for formation of the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
DNA polymerase
Synthesizes DNA strands by adding nucleotides; removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA
Ligase
Joins all fragments together
Know similarities and differences between DNA and RNA
DNA: Deoxyribo nucleic acid, deoxyribose, 2 stands, A, T, C, G
RNA: Ribo nucleic acid, ribose, 1 strand, A, U, G, C
Know the basics of RNA processing
Transcription (initiation, elongation, termination) resulting in a primary transcript and translation resulting in a polypeptide
Know the difference between a frameshift mutation and a substitution mutation
Frameshift mutation: Mutation wherein the addition or deletion of nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA
Substitution mutation: Mutation that exchanges one base for another
Photosynthesis
NADP+
Cellular respiration
NAD+ and FADH2
Know basics of oxidation/reduction reactions
Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
Know the role oxygen plays in cellular respiration
Final electron acceptor
Know which products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle
ATP and NADH
Understand which parts of photosynthesis happen in which parts of the chloroplast
Light reactions: Thylakoid membrane
Calvin cycle: Stroma
