AP Biology Semester II Exam

Question 1

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Answer 1

Accepting electrons at the end of the ETC

Question 2

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen is present or absent?

Answer 2

Glycolysis

Question 3

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Answer 3

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced

Question 4

All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except

Answer 4

Adding electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water

Question 5

During aerobic respirations, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

Answer 5

Food—NADH—ETC—Oxygen

Question 6

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration located?

Answer 6

Mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 7

During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by _____ and use primarily for ______.

Answer 7

ETC; ATP synthesis

Question 8

The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Answer 8

Reduce FAD+ to FADH2

Question 9

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Answer 9

It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms

Question 10

A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are not being absorbed by this pigment?

Answer 10

Red and yellow

Question 11

What did Engelmann conclude about the congregation of bacteria in the red and blue areas?

Answer 11

Bacteria congregated in these areas because these areas had the most oxygen being released

Question 12

An outcome of this experiment was to help determine

Answer 12

The relationship between wavelengths of light and the oxygen released during photosynthesis

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis are true?

Answer 13

A, B, and C are true

Question 14

What does cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produce?

Answer 14

ATP

Question 15

Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the

Answer 15

Synthesis of ATP

Question 16

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Answer 16

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it

Question 17

Reduction of oxygen which forms water

Answer 17

Respiration

Question 18

Reduction of NADP+

Answer 18

Photosynthesis

Question 19

Splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds

Answer 19

Neither photosynthesis nor respiration

Question 20

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin
cycle?

Answer 20

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the
light reactions

Question 21

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 21

Synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

Question 22

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of

Answer 22

3-phosphoglycerate molecules

Question 23

Plants that fix CO2 into organic acids at night when the stomata are open and carry out the Calvin cycle during the

Answer 23

CAM plants

Question 24

From that perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are

Answer 24

Signal reception: Signal molecule binds to a receptor protein causing it to change shape
Signal transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay singles from the receptors to target molecules in the cells
Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of cytoplasmic activities or transcription

Question 25

The process of transaction usually begins

Answer 25

When the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way

Question 26

Testosterone functions inside a cell by

Answer 26

Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nuclear and activates specific genes

Question 27

Which of the following is not true of cell communication systems?

Answer 27

Signal receptors are always bound to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

Question 28

Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?

Answer 28

Receptor tyrosine kinase activity

Question 29

The response of a particular cell to a signal depends on

Answer 29

A, B, and C

Question 30

Of the following, the best conclusion concerning the difference between the S phases for beta and gamma is that

Answer 30

Gamma contains more DNA than beta.

Question 31

The best conclusion concerning delta is that the cells

Answer 31

Are actually in the G phase

Question 32

Cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. If a cell completed mitosis but not cytokinesis, the result would be a cell with

Answer 32

Two nuclei

Question 33

The formation of a cell plate is beginning across the middle of a cell and nuclei are re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this?

Answer 33

A plant cell undergoing cytokinesis

Question 34

The correct sequence of the steps in the M phase of the cell cycle is

Answer 34

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Question 35

Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that

Answer 35

Prevents shortening of microtubules

Question 36

A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of

Answer 36

16; 16; 8

Question 37

Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis?

Answer 37

Metaphase

Question 38

Mitosis is represented by which number?

Answer 38

IV

Question 39

G1 is represented by which number(s)?

Answer 39

I and V

Question 40

Which number represents DNA synthesis?

Answer 40

II

Question 41

Which number represents the point in the cell cycle during which the chromosomes are replicated?

Answer 41

II

Question 42

Which of the following are true concerning Cdk?

Answer 42

Both B and C are true

Question 43

By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory atmosphere chamber that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Miller and Urey obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller and Urey were attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller's experiments best support which of the following hypothesis?

Answer 43

The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth abiotic conditions

Question 44

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S squared, and the formula for the volume of a cube is S cubed, where S=the length of a side of the cube.) Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

Answer 44

Picture of the smallest cube

Question 45

During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?

Answer 45

A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas

Question 46

According to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degrees C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?

Answer 46

The mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees C

Question 47

According to the data, the crickets at 25 degrees C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do crickets at 10 degrees C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their

Answer 47

Mode of internal temperature regulation

Question 48

According to the results of this experiment, germination of tobacco seeds during the first week is

Answer 48

Increased by exposure to light

Question 49

The most probable cause for the difference in mean stem length between plants in dish A and plants in dish B is which of the following?

Answer 49

Elongation of seedlings in response to the lack of light

Question 50

Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that the difference in leaf color is genetically controlled?

Answer 50

The number of germinated seeds in dish A on days 7 and 14

Question 51

Additional observations were made on day 21, and no yellow-leaved seedlings were found alive in either dish. This is most likely because

Answer 51

Yellow-leaved seedlings were unable to convert light energy to chemical energy

Question 52

Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

Answer 52

The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases

Question 53

Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?

Answer 53

After a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels

Question 54

Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data?

Answer 54

C

Question 55

Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene. The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such a mutation would most likely result in altered

Answer 55

Properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemoglobin molecules

Question 56

Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population after pollution and a correct rationale for the change?

Answer 56

The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker- colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lighter-colored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the darker- colored beetles

Question 57

The data in the graph best support which of the following claims?

Answer 57

Environmental contamination reduces total testosterone oxido-reductase activity in females

Question 58

Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence?

Answer 58

Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life

Question 59

If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

Answer 59

The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine

Question 60

If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Answer 60

During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released

Question 61

Which of the following statements is correct?

Answer 61

At 40 mm Hg partial pressure, myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin has

Question 62

Strenuous exercise lowers the blood pH, causing the curves for both hemoglobin and myoglobin to shift to the right. This shift results in

Answer 62

An unloading of O2 at higher partial pressures

Question 63

Which of the following best describes the physiological significance of the different oxygen-binding capabilities of hemoglobin and myoglobin?

Answer 63

They enhance movement of oxygen from the blood into the muscles

Question 64

Based on the chart, which of the following would be the most reasonable plan for the students to follow?

Answer 64

Using relative dating techniques to determine the geological ages of the fossils found so they can calculate the rate of speciation of early organisms

Question 65

Testosterone functions in a signal transduction pathway

Answer 65

Binding with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes

Question 66

Know the stages of the cell cycle and major events that occur in each stage

Answer 66

``` Interphase: Not dividing G1: Cell is doing its job; growth S: Copying DNA G2: Duplicating organelles Mitosis: Cell division ```

Question 67

Know the basics of mitosis

Answer 67

- Does not reduce chromosome number (2n-2n) - Growth and repair - Asexual - Diploid: Diploid

Question 68

Genes

Answer 68

Unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific sequence of DNA

Question 69

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 69

A pair of chromosomes having the same gene sequences, each derived from one parent

Question 70

Sister chromatids

Answer 70

Two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a chromosome that duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle

Question 71

Karyotype

Answer 71

Number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species

Question 72

Know what diploid (2n) and haploid (n) numbers mean

Answer 72

Haploid cells have have the number of diploid cells

Question 73

Know the difference between gametic and somatic cells, and which process (meiosis or mitosis is used to produce them)

Answer 73

Somatic: Body cells, diploid, 2n, 46 chromosomes Gametic: Reproductive cells, haploid, n, 23 chromosomes

Question 74

Know the end result and purpose of meiosis

Answer 74

4 non-genetically identical daughter cells and making gametes (eggs and sperms)

Question 75

Know the basic stages of meiosis and major events in each stage

Answer 75

Prophase I: Synapsis Prophase I: : Crossing over Metaphase I: Tetrads lining up at the metaphase plate Anaphase I: Separation of homologues Anaphase II: Separation of sister chromatids

Question 76

Know similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 76

Mitosis: DNA replication, one division, no synapsis of homologous chromosomes, 2 genetically identical daughter cells, growth and repair Meiosis: DNA replication, two divisions, synapsis of homologous chromosomes, 4 non-genetically identical daughter cells, making gametes

Question 77

Know the base pair rules

Answer 77

A-T, C-G or U

Question 78

Know the type of bond formed between paired bases in the DNA double helix

Answer 78

Hydrogen bond

Question 79

Know what it means to say that “the strands that make up DNA are antiparallel”

Answer 79

Two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. This property of antiparallelity allows for formation of the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Question 80

DNA polymerase

Answer 80

Synthesizes DNA strands by adding nucleotides; removes RNA primer and replaces with DNA

Question 81

Ligase

Answer 81

Joins all fragments together

Question 82

Know similarities and differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 82

DNA: Deoxyribo nucleic acid, deoxyribose, 2 stands, A, T, C, G RNA: Ribo nucleic acid, ribose, 1 strand, A, U, G, C

Question 83

Know the basics of RNA processing

Answer 83

Transcription (initiation, elongation, termination) resulting in a primary transcript and translation resulting in a polypeptide

Question 84

Know the difference between a frameshift mutation and a substitution mutation

Answer 84

Frameshift mutation: Mutation wherein the addition or deletion of nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA Substitution mutation: Mutation that exchanges one base for another

Question 85

Photosynthesis

Answer 85

NADP+

Question 86

Cellular respiration

Answer 86

NAD+ and FADH2

Question 87

Know basics of oxidation/reduction reactions

Answer 87

Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain

Question 88

Know the role oxygen plays in cellular respiration

Answer 88

Final electron acceptor

Question 89

Know which products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle

Answer 89

ATP and NADH

Question 90

Understand which parts of photosynthesis happen in which parts of the chloroplast

Answer 90

Light reactions: Thylakoid membrane | Calvin cycle: Stroma