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High School Stuff > AP Biology Chapter 17 Quiz > Flashcards

AP Biology Chapter 17 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide

A

One gene–one polypeptide hypothesis

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2
Q

Synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

A

Transcription

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3
Q

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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4
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

A

Translation

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5
Q

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

A

Ribosome

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6
Q

Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes

A

RNA processing

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7
Q

An initial RNA transcript; also called pre–mRNA when transcribed from a protein–coding gene

A

Primary transcript

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8
Q

A set of three–nucleotide–long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains

A

Triplet code

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9
Q

The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

A

Template strand

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10
Q

The way a cell′s mRNA–translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons

A

Reading frame

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11
Q

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA

A

Promoter

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13
Q

In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene

A

Terminator

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14
Q

A region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

A

Transcription unit

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15
Q

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes

A

Transcription factor

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16
Q

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to the promoter

A

Transcription initiation complex

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17
Q

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

A

TATA box

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18
Q

The 5′ end of a pre–mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide

A

5′ cap

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19
Q

The modified end of the 3′ end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides

A

Poly–A tail

20
Q

The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis

A

RNA splicing

21
Q

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene

A

Intron

22
Q

A coding region of a eukaryotic gene

A

Exon

23
Q

A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons

A

Spliceosome

24
Q

An enzyme–like RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.

A

Ribozyme

25
Q

A type of regulation at the RNA–processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

A

Alternative RNA splicing

26
Q

An independently folding part of a protein

A

Domain

27
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

28
Q

A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

A

Anticodon

29
Q

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the correct tRNA

A

Aminoacyl–tRNA synthetase

30
Q

A violation of the base–pairing rules in that the third nucleotide (5′ end) of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon

A

Wobble

31
Q

The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins forms the structure of ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

32
Q

One of a ribosome′s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain (P stands for peptidyl tRNA)

A

P site

33
Q

One of a ribosome′s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA)

A

A site

34
Q

One of a ribosome′s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome (E stands for exit)

A

E site

35
Q

An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule

A

Polyribosome (polysome)

36
Q

A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell

A

Signal peptide

37
Q

A protein–RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome

A

Signal–recognition particle (SRP)

38
Q

A change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity

A

Mutation

39
Q

A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair

A

Point mutation

40
Q

A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides

A

Base–pair substitution

41
Q

The most common type of mutation, a base–pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid

A

Missense mutation

42
Q

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

A

Nonsense mutation

43
Q

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene

A

Insertion

44
Q

(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage

A

Deletion

45
Q

A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons

A

Frameshift mutation

46
Q

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

A

Mutagen

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