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Pre-reg Exam 2021 > Fluid And Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid And Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal range for sodium?

A

133-146mmol/L

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of hypernatraemia?

A 
Convulsions
Hypovolaemia
Thirst
Dehydration 
Oliguria
Postural hypotension
Tachycardia
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3
Q

What drugs cause hypernatraemia?

A 
Oral contraceptives 
Corticosteroids
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium content in IV antibiotics
Lithium
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4
Q

What do you use to treat hypernatraemia caused by volume depletion?

A

IV glucose

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatraemia?

A 
Drowsiness
Confusion 
Convulsions
Nausea
Vomiting
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6
Q

What drugs cause hyponatraemia?

A

Antidepressants
Loop and thiazide diuretics
Carbamazepine
Desmopressin

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7
Q

What is used to treat mild to moderate hyponatraemia?

A

Oral sodium chloride / sodium bicarbonate

Add glucose if water depletion

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8
Q

What is used to treat severe hyponatraemia?

A

IV saline

Isotonic via peripheral vein
Concentrated via central vein

Give slowly as risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome

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9
Q

What electrolytes are within ORT?

A

Potassium
Sodium
Glucose

Give over 3-4 hours in diarrhoea
Give over 12 hours in hypernatraemic dehydration

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10
Q

How do you replace water deficit?

A

IV glucose

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11
Q

What is metabolic acidosis?

A

Hyperchloraemia

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12
Q

What is the normal level of Cl-?

A

103 mmol/L

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13
Q

What is used to treat metabolic acidosis?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

If caused by low potassium - potassium bicarbonate

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14
Q

What is the normal range for calcium?

A

2.1-2.58 mmol/L

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15
Q

What do you use to treat hypercalcaemia?

A

Bisphosphonates

Corticosteroids

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16
Q

What is used to treat hypercalcaemia of malignancy?

A

Calcitonin

17
Q

What is used to treat hypercalcaemia caused by hyperparathyroidism?

A

Cinacalcet

Paracalcitol in chronic renal failure

18
Q

What is used to treat hypercalciuria?

A

Bendroflumethiazide

Increase fluid intake and reduce dietary calcium

19
Q

What does hypocalcaemia cause?

A

Osteoporosis

20
Q

What is used to treat mild to moderate hypocalcaemia?

A

Vitamin D and calcium supplements

21
Q

What is used to treat severe acute hypocalcaemia?

A

Slow IV calcium gluconate

Too fast causes arrhythmias

22
Q

What is the normal range for magnesium?

A

0.7-1.05 mmol/L

23
Q

When is hypomagnesaemia common?

A

In alcoholics

24
Q

What can hypomagnesaemia lead to?

A

Hypo Ca2+, K+, Na+

25
Q

How do you treat hypomagnesaemia?

A

IV/IM magnesium sulphate

26
Q

What is the normal range of phosphate?

A

0.85-1.45 mmol/L

27
Q

What is used to treat hyperphosphataemia?

A

Calcium containing preparations as it is phosphate binding

28
Q

What is used to treat hypophosphataemia?

A

Phosphate

Give IV if moderate-severe

29
Q

What is the normal range of potassium?

A

3.5-5.3 mmol/L

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperkalaemia?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

Cardiac arrest

31
Q

What are the drug causes of hyperkalaemia?

A

HADBEANS

Heparin
ACEi/ARB
Digoxin
Beta blockers
Eplerenone
Amiloride
NSAIDS
Spironolactone
32
Q

How do you treat mild to moderate hyperkalaemia with no ECG changes?

A

Calcium resonium

33
Q

How do you treat acute, severe hyperkalaemia > 6.5 mmol/L?

A

Slow IV calcium gluconate

IV insulin, glucose and salbutamol in addition

Add sodium bicarbonate to correct compounding acidosis, but not through same line as causes precipitation

34
Q

What are the symptoms of hypokalaemia?

A

Muscle hypotonia

Arrhythmias

35
Q

What are the drugs that cause hypokalaemia?

A

Dare insult bettys tough carpet

Diuretics
Insulin
B2 agonist
Theophylline 
Corticosteroid
36
Q

What is used to treat mild hypokalaemia?

A

Oral slow potassium chloride

Smaller doses in renal impairment
If caused by diuretics then a potassium sparing diuretic is preferred

37
Q

How do you treat severe hypokalaemia?

A

IV potassium chloride

KCl injection overdose is fatal

Pre-reg Exam 2021 (79 decks)

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