FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER Flashcards
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships among body parts
anatomy
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___________ is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions.
physiology
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all specific functions are performed by
specific structures
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___________ is the condition in which body functions, fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained at levels suitable to support life
homeostasis
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___________ is a corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits
negative feedback
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in ___________ a stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the stimulus, creating a ___________ loop
positive feedback
positive feedback loop
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___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface down (on belly)
prone
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___________ means to lie or be placed with the anterior surface facing up (on back)
supine
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___________: a structure above another
superior
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___________: a structure below another
inferior
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___________: closer to the head
cephalic
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___________: closer to the tail
caudal
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___________: the front of the body
anterior
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___________: the back of the body
posterior
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___________: toward the belly
ventral
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___________: toward the back, synonymous w/posterior
dorsal
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___________: closer to the point of attachment to the body than another structure
proximal
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___________: farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure
distal
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___________: away from the midline of the body
lateral
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___________: toward the midline of the body
medial
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___________: toward or on the surface
superficial
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___________: away from the surface, internal
deep
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what are the 3 planes of the body
frontal
sagittal
transverse
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what is another name for frontal plane
coronal
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2 main cavities
dorsal
ventral
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what cavities does the dorsal cavity contain
cranial
spinal
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what divides the ventral cavity
diaphragm
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what is the ventral cavity divided into
thoracic
abdominopelvic
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what does the thoracic cavity contain
pleural cavities
pericardial cavity
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what does the pleural cavity contain
lungs
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what does the pericardial cavity contain
heart
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what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
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___________ is the science that looks at the structure of matter
chemistry
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___________ is anything that takes up space and has mass
matter
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___________: are the smallest stable units of matter
atoms
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atoms are composed of
subatomic particles
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what are the 3 subatomic particles in atom
protons
neutron
electron
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proton has ___________ charge
positive
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neutron has ___________ charge
no
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electron has ___________ charge
negative
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___________: is the number of protons in an atom
atomic number
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what are the types of chemical bonds
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
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___________ us a bond formed by attraction of opposite charges
ionic
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___________ bond involves sharing of electrons
covalent
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___________ bond is a weak bond involving hydrogen bonding with another atom/molecule
hydrogen
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___________ is the energy of motion or doing work
kinetic
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___________ is energy that has the potential to do work (stored energy)
potential
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what are 3 types of reactions that occur
decomposition
synthesis
exchange
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___________ breaks down a molecule into smaller fragments
decomposition
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___________ reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller components
synthesis
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___________ is the shuffling around of parts of the molecules to form a new compound
exchange
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___________ is building up molecules
anabolism
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___________ is breaking down molecules
catabolism
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___________ lower the activation energy
enzymes
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___________ means water loving
hydrophilic
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___________ means water fearing
hydrophobic
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things that are ___________ are hydrophilic
polar
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things that are ___________ are hydrophobic
non-polar
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what creates a solution
solutes
solvent
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ph scale measures
concentration H+
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high ph are called
acids
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low ph are called
basic or alkaline
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organic compounds all contain
carbon
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organic compounds /carbon bonds
covalently 4 times
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4 examples of organic macromolecules
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
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___________ are chains of monosaccharides
carbohydrates
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monosaccharides provide the body with
energy
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example of monosaccharid
glucose
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what is formula of glucose
C6H12O6
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lipids are ___________, ___________, ands ___________ and a subcategory called
fats
waxes
oils
steroids
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lipids are ___________, ___________, ___________ chains
triglycerides
glycerol
3 fatty acid (FA)
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if the fatty acid chain has a double bond (lipids) it is
unsaturated
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if the fatty acid chain in a lipid doesn’t have double bond it is
saturated
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functions of lipids include
energy storage
insulation
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___________ is most abundant organic compound in body
proteins
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proteins contain a ___________ group and are varied in size
nitrogenous
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proteins are chains of ___________ primarily
amino acids
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protein amino acids may become
alpha helices
beta sheets
globular
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nucleic acids include
DNA
RNA
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DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
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RNA
ribonucleic acid
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types of RNA
messenger mRNA
transfer tRNA
ribosomal rRNA
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nucleic acids are chains of ___________
nucleotides
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nucleotides have ___________ bases
nitrogenous
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what are the nitrogenous bases
adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)
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what is the replacement of T nitrogenous base on RNA
uracil (U)
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function of nucleic acids include
storage of genes
peptide/protein synthesis
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Genes mostly contain code for
synthesis of protien
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in ___________, a sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases on the DNS is matched by the mRNA
transcription
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in ___________ the mRNA is matched by the tRNA
translation
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DNA in transcription is called
triplet
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mRNA in transcription is called
codon
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tRNA in translation is called
anticodon
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___________ is the high energy molecule for cells
adenosine triphoshate (ATP)
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2 classes of cells in human body
somatic
gametic
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what are somatic cells
body cells
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what are gametic cells
sex cells
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the cell membrane is a ___________ bilayer
phosopholipid
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the hydrophilic heads of the cell membrane face the
membrane surface
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___________ are embedded in the cell membrane
proteins
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the carbohydrate end of the phosopholipid bilayer extends out beyond the cell membrane forming a
glycocalyx
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cell membranes are ___________ permeable
selectively
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___________ is the movement of material from an area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
diffusion
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___________ is the net diffusion of water
osmosis
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___________ requires ATP to move material against the gradient
active transportation
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___________ occurs by diffusion
passive transportation
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___________ is passive transport of molecules across a membrane by carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
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___________ importing into the cell
endocytosis
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___________ taking in little bits of water
pinocytosis
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___________ taking in debris
phagocytosis
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___________ exporting outside the cell
exocytosis
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if a rbc is in an isotonic solution it does what
maintain its shape
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if a rbc is in hypotonic solution
blows up
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___________ destroy cell
lyse
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if rbc is in hypertonic solution it will
crenate (shrivel/prune)
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___________ is the materail that is inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus
cytoplasm
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___________ is the intracelluar fluid that contains dissolved ions and soluble and insoluble proteins
cytosol
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___________ are isolated from cytosol by their ___________
membranous organelles
membranes
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___________ is the control center of the cell
nucleus
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what does nucleus contain
genetic info
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DNA forms a ___________
chromatid
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the chromatid is joined by a ___________
centromere
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the centromere is surrounded by a protein complex called
kineochore
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function of cytoskeleton
strength and support
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function of microvilli
increase surface are to facilitate absorption
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function of centrioles
essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division
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function of cilia
movement of material over cell surface
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function of flagella
propel cell
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function of ribosomes
protein synthesis
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function of endoplastmic reticulum
synthesis of secretory products
intracellular storage and transport
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function of golgi apparatus
storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
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function of lysosomes
intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
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function of peroxisomes
catabolism of fats and other organic compounds
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function of mitochondria
produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell
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___________ is the production of RNA from DNA
transcription
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___________ is the formation of a linear chain of amino acids by using the info that is contained on mRNA strand
translation
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where does translation occur
ribosome
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how many stages to mitosis
4
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what are the stages of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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what occurs in prophase
chromosomes form
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what occurs in metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
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what occurs in anaphase
chromosomes separate
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what occurs in telophase
cell membrane forms cleavage furrow
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___________ is when the cells divide
cytokinesis
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what is the resting phase of mitosis called
interphase
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what stage is DNA synthesized
S
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order of cell division
G0 G1 S G2 M (mitosis)
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cells combining to have same functions form
tissue
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___________ study of tissue
histology
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4 types of tissue found in human organism
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
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epithelial tissue is classified by
shape and number of layers
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shapes of epithelial tissues
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
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types of number of layers in epithelial tissues
simple (1 layer)
stratified (more than 1)
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___________ means secretions (hormones) released into interstitial fluid and blood
endocrine
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___________ means the secretions are released inot the skin or other epithelial surfaces
exocrine
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glandular secretions include
holocrine
apocrine
merocrine
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holocrine means
whole cells
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apocrine means
top/apex of cells
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merocrine means
exocytosis
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connective tissue includes
bone
fat
blood
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3 types of fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
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___________ secrete collagen
fibroblasts
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___________ is the fat tissue
adipose
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___________ store fat
adipocytes
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reticular tissue is found where
spleen and liver
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dense connective tissue is fibrous tissue that contains dense amounts of
collagen fibers
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dense connective tissues form ___________ and ___________ of the skeletal system
tendons
ligaments
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fluid connective tissue includes
blood
lymph
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the formed elements of the blood include
RBC
WBC
platelets
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RBC are called
erythrocytes
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WBC are called
leukocytes
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platelets are sometimes called
thrombocytes
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RBC account for ___________ % of the volume of blood
50%
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what is function of RBC
transport oxygen
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___________ is the watery matrix of the blood
plasma
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WBC function
immune (defense)
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Platelets are responsible for
blood clotting
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___________ is a matrix of a firm gel that is made up of polysaccharides, chondroitin sulfate
cartilage
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cartilage is ___________ (blood supply…)
avascular
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types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
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___________ is made up of a mixture of calcium phosophate, calcium carbonate, and collagen
bone
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cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
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chondrocytes are found in
lacunae
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bone cells are called
osteocytes
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osteocytes are found in the
lacunae
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___________ are long passageways in the matrix of bone
canaliculi
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bone surface is surrounded by
periosteum
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membranes include
mucous
serous
cutaneous
synovial
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3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
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skeletal muscle attaches
bone to bone
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skeletal muscle causes
movement
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skeletal muscles are ___________ movement
voluntary
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cardiac muscle is only found in
heart
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cardiac muscles can’t
divide
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why can’t cardiac muscle cells not divide
lack satellite cells needed for regeneration
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cardiac muscle is regulated by
pacemaker cells
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cardiac muscle is ___________ movement
involuntary
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smooth muscle is found in the walls of
blood vessels
around hollow organs
in layers of the respiratory tract
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smooth muscles are nucleated but are ___________ control
involuntary
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neural tissue is specialized to conduct
electrical impulses
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___________ are the longest cells in the body
neurons
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what is 1st phase when tissue has been damaged
inflammation
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signs of inflammation
swelling
redness
warmth
pain
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the two cutaneous layers
epidermis
dermis
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subcutaneous layer also called
hypodermis
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layer is called (skin)
strata
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epidermis has up to ___________ strata
5
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order of strata from superficial to deep
corneum lucidum granulosum spinosum germinativum (basale)
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strata lucidum is only found in
thick skin (palms/soles)
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skin cells are called
keratinocytes
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keratinocytes produce
keratin
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keratin is also found in
hair and nails
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blood flow to skin give it a ___________ color
reddish
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lack of blood flow to skin gives it a ___________ color
blueish
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amount of ___________ skin orange color
carotene
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___________ would make skin yellow/jaundice
liver bilirubin
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brown/black skin comes from
melanin
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melanin is secreted by
melanocytes
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functions of skin
prevents entry microorganisms
acts as permeability barrier
provides protection against abrasion and UV light
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where does Vit D enter body
UV rays on skin
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Vit D travels from skin to
kidneys
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in the kidneys Vit D is covnerted to
calcitrol
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what is calcitrol needed for
normal absorption of calcium in the intestine
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what is sign for calcium
Ca2+
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skin contains receptors for
pain
touch
temperature (hot/cold)
pressure
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skin receptors allow for
proper response to environment
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skin glands eliminate small amounts of
waste
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are skin glands important in excretion
no
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function of sweating
cools you off
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lines on hands are formed how
pattern of collagen and elastic fiber bundles
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the ___________ stabilizes the skin’s position against underlyinjg organs and tissues
hypodermis
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where is fat stored in skin
hypodermis
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glands include
sebaceous
sweat
mammary
ceruminous
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where are sebaceous glands
hair follicles
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sweat glands include
apocrine and merocrine
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what does cerumious glands produce
ear wax
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“goose bumps” are caused by the ___________ muscle
arrector pili
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bone categories include
long short flat irregular sesamoid sutural (Wormian)
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structure of long bone includes
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
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neck of bone
metaphysis
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shaft of bone
diaphysis
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head of bone
epiphysis
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elongation of bone occurs where
epiphyseal plate
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where two bones articulate ___________ is found
articular cartilage
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the medullary cavity is found where
bone shaft
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what is located in medullary cavity
marrow
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what surrounds the medullary cavity
endosteum
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yellow marrow =
lipid storage
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red marrow =
blood cell production
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outside of the bone has a thin tissue layer called
peristeum
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2 types of bone
compact (dense)
spongy
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spongy bone containes
trabeculae
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bone matrix consists of
hydroxyapatite crystals
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hydroxyapatite crystals from from ___________ interacting with ___________
calcium phosophate
calcium hydroxide
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mature bone cells
osteocytes
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osteocytes occupy a
lacuna
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___________ are formed from lacuna sandiched between the lamellae
osteon
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___________ are little canals connecting the lacunae
canaliculi
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___________ make the bone
osteoblasts
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___________ secrete acid to break the bone down
osteoclasts
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bone formation
ossification
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2 types of ossification occurs
intramembranous
endochondral
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intramembranous bone growth occurs from
fibrous tissue
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endochondral bone growth occurs from
cartilage
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the hormone ___________ is released from the thyroid to cause osteoblasts to make bone
calcitonin
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the hormone ___________ is released from the parathyroids causing the osetoclasts to break bone
PTH
parathyroid hormone
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which hormone lowers blood calcium
calcitonin
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which hormone increases blood calcium
PTH
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which hormone inhibits osetoclasts
calcitonin
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which hormone inhibits osteoblasts
PTH
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when a bone is fractured part of the healing process is the formation of
callus
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bone projection or bump
process
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bone extention of bone making an angle
ramus
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bone large, round projection
trochanter
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bone smaller, rough projection
tuberosity
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bone a small rounded projection
tubercle
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bone prominent ridge
crest
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bone a low ridge
line
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bone pointed process
spine
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axial skeleton consists of
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
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how many bones in skull
28
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6 auditory ossicles
2 each:
malleus
incus
stapes
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where are auditory occicles located
inside temporal bone
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what protects the brain
cranial vault aka braincase
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bones that cranial vault includes
parietal(2) frontal temporal(2) occipital sphenoid ethmoid
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how many facial bones
14
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function of facial bones
protect sensory organs
muscle attachment sites
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facial bones
maxilla 2 mandible zygomatic 2 palatine 2 nasal 2 lacrimal 2 vomer inferior nasal concha 2
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the mandible and maxilla possess ___________ with sockets for the attachment of the teeth
alveolar processes
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what is attachment site for throat and tongue muscles
hyoid bone
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where is hyoid bone located
“floats” in the neck
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sutures of the skull
lambdoidal
squamous
sagittal
coronal
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paranasal sinuses include
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary
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location of crista galli
ethmoid
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location of sella turcica
sphenoid
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location of occipital condyle
occipital
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location of cribriform
ethmoid
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location of foramen magnum
occipital
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what is located where medulla oblongata meets spinal chord to vertebral column
foramen magnum
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sections of vertebral column
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
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how many cervical vertebrae
7
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how many thoracic vertebrae
12
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how many lumbar vertebrae
5
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how many sacral vertebrae
1
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C1 is called
atlas
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C2 is called
axis
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atlas pivots on the ___________ of axis
dens
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the thoracic cage consists of
ribs
costal cartilages
sternum
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sternum is made up of
manubrium
body
xyphoid process
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rib cage has ___________ true pairs of ribs
7
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rib cage has ___________ false ribs
5
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how many pairs of false ribs are floating
2
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appendicular skeleton consists of
upper and lower limbs
pectoral and pelvic girdle
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pectoral girdle consists of
scapula
clavicles
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scapula consists of
coracoid process
acromion
spine
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the arm bones include
humerus
radius
ulna
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how many carpal bones
8
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what are carpal bones (2 rows)
triquetrm, pisiform, capitate, hamate
lunate, scaphoid, trapezoid, trapzium
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a ___________ stretches across the wrist from the tubercle of the trapezium to the hook of the hamate
ligament
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the distal row of carps bones articulate with the ___________
metacarpals
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the ___________ are the digital bones
phalanges
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thumb
pollex
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bones of the pelvic girdle
coxa
sacrum
coccyx
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the coca include
fusion of ilium
ischim
pubis
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thigh contains
femur
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leg contains
tibia
fibula
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kneecap
patella
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foot contains ___________ bones
7 tarsal
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tarsal bones
talus calcaneus cuboid lateral cuneiform navicular intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform
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big toe
hallux
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when standing most weight is transferred to ___________ in the foot
calcaneus
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when at rest the weight in foot is transferred to
metatarsals
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joints are classified according to the
major connective tissue type that binds the bones together
and whether or not there is fluid-filled joint capsule
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joint classifications
diathrotic
amphiarthrotic
synarthrotic
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diathrotic joint/example
freely moveable
synovial
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amphiarthrotic joint/example
partly moveable
pubic symphysis
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joints can also be classified by
function
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fibrous joints include
sutures-synostosis
syndesmosis
gomphosis
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cartilaginous joints include
synchondrosis
symphysis
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synovial joints include
monaxial
biaxial
multaxial
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synovial joints include these functions
plane(gliding) saddle hinge pivot ball and socket ellipsoidal
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example saddle joint
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
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example hinge joint
elbow, knee
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example pivot joint
neck
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example ball and socket joint
hip
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joints may contain ___________, ___________ , ___________ , and ___________
joint capsule
synovial membrane
articular disks & cartilage
bursae
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synovial membrane contains
synovial fluide
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bursae are
sacs for additional cushioning
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
movement pairs (8)
flexion/extension abduction/adduction rotation pronation/supination circumduction elevation/depression protraction/retraction inversion/eversion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ligaments are generally named for
location
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
articular cartilage is often at the end of the
bone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what are ligaments of knee
ACL anterior cruciate ligament
MCL medial collateral ligament
PCL posterior cruciate ligament
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle tissue has 3 layers connective tissue
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
epimysium surrounds
the muscle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
perimysium surrounds
fascicles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
endomysium surrounds
fibers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
end of muscle fiber comes together to form
tendon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for tendon
aponeurosis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle cells are
mulitnucleated
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle cells contain
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sacromere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle cell membrane is
sarcolemma
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are bundles of myofilaments
myofibrils
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
actin is
thin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
myosin is
thick
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are units of myofilaments
sarcomere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
actin includes
F-actin
G-actin
tropomyosin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
myosin includes
head
tail
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction starts with an impulse sent from the
motor cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction impulse leaves the motor cortex via the
corticospinal tract
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction impulse continues to the peripheral nerve and then to the
neuromuscular junction
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction: ___________ is released into the synaptic cleft (gap)
Ach
Acetylocholine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the muscle contraction continues to travel down the T (transverse) tubules and causes the SR to release
calcium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction - myosin head ratchets the thin filaments, causing the sliding of the
thin filaments (actin)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction: calcium binds to ___________ on the actin filament causing it to change shape and expose active biding site
troponin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ binds to the binding site
myosin head
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ attaches to the myosin head, the head detaches, and goes to the next binding site
ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contraction concept
all or nothing
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muslce fiber contraction = on = means produces same amount of ___________ each time
tension
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a single contraction relaxation stimulus in a muscle fiber
twitch
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is sustained stimulation to a muscle with no relaxation period involved
tetanus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is when muscle contraction tension rises in steps
treppe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contractions isotonically
change in muscle length
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle contractions isometrically
no change in length
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ can result from depletion of ATP reserves and the combined build up of lactic acid in the muscle tissues
muscle fatigue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the amount of oxygen consumed post exercise, and the amount needed to restore pre-exertion conditions in the muscle tissue
oxygen debt
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
large amounts of ___________ is produced by muscular activity
heat
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the heat from muscle activity is generated by the ___________ process of the breakdown of ___________
catabolic
gluose for ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fast twitch muscles are what color
white
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fast twitch muscles are found where
eyes
hands
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
slow twitch muscles are found where
calf
back
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscle tissue is ___________ , which s nucleated
involuntary striated muscle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscle cells contain cell-to-cell junctions called
intercalated discs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what do intercalated discs create
electrical connection between cardiac cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
smooth muscle is different from skeletal and cardiac fibers in that it is
non-striated
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
smooth muscle is involved with
peristalsis = moving food down intestinal tract
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is basic muscle concept
muscle contracts - a force acts on bones/tissue to create motion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fixed end of the muscle is called
origin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
moveable end of muscle is called
insertion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
body of muscle between origin and insertion is called
belly
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what attaches muscle to bone
tendon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sheet-like flat tendon is called
aponeurosis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
aponeurosis is located where
muscles attach to large flat regions of the body
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
main/prime mover muscle
agonist
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
agonist muscle is supported by
synergists
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
agonist muscle is opposed by
antagonists
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscles are named according to
size shape direction location number of heads action/function
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle size words
maximus minimus brevis major minor
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle shape words
triangular trapezoid saw-toothed rhomboid circular-orbicularis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 basic muscle shapes
pennate
parallel
convergent
circular
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ classes of levers
3
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
first class lever
R-F-AF
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
2nd class lever
F-R-AF
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3rd class lever
F-AF-R
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system
neuron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ separate the neurons
glial cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for glial cells
neuroglia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of glial cells (4)
separate neurons
protect neurons
provide framework of support for neural tissue
act as phagocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
nervous system has ___________ divisions
2
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what are the 2 divisions of nervous system
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CNS includes
brain and spinal cord
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
PNS includes
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ANS includes
all the nervous tissue that is outside the CNS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the PNS is divided into the
afferent division
efferent division
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ division brings info from the body to the CNS
afferent
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ division carries info from the CNS to the periphery or the body
efferent
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the efferent division consists of
somatic division
autonomic division
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
somatic division controls
skeletal muscle tissue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
autonomic division controls
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glandular tissues
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cell body of neuron
perikaryon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the perikaryon of the neuron contains ___________ and ___________
nucleus
organelles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the organelles of the perikaryon of the neuron do what
provide energy
synthesize the neurotransmitters
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
perikaryon’s neurotransmitters are required for
cell-to-cell communication in the NS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are regions of the neuron that contain rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
Nissl bodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most neurons lack ___________ and therefore can’t divide
centrioles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
other parts of neuron (3)
dendrites
axons
axon hillock
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does dendrites contain
dendritic spines
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ may be found on the axons that branch off
collaterals
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
collaterals allow one neuron to ___________ with surrounding neurons
communicate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
end of the axon is composed of
teledendria
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a site where neural communication occurs
synapse
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
synapse involves
neurotransmitters
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ will release neurotransmitter substance to direct the response of the post synaptic cell
presynaptic neuron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the post synaptic cell can be
neuron or any other type of cell like muscle or glandular
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is found when the postsynaptic cell is a neuron
synaptic knob
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
each synaptic knob contains
organelles
vesicles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the organelles and vesicles of synaptic knob contain
neurotransmitter substances
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of the synaptic knob
reabsorb the neurotransmitter left over form the interaction between neurons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neuron structural classifications (4)
anaxonic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neuron functional classifications (3)
sensory
motor
interneuron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
glia in CNS include (4)
ependymal
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ monitor the CSF
ependymal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ form BBB, are the largest and most abundant glia, ion regulation
astrocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ make myelin
oligodendrocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are phagocytes
microglia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are contained in the PNS
satellite cells
Schwann cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
satellite cells (amphicytes) function
regulation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Schwann cells (neurolemma) function
make myelin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
resting membrane potential has a ___________ charge
-70mv
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ occurs of the cell membrane when increased sodium ion enters the cell making more positive and closer to 0mv
depolarization
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when cell membrane depolarization occurs, an ___________ will be generated
action potential
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
during depolarization sodium channels are ___________ and the activation of ___________ channels occurs
deactivated
K+
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ occurs when the cell becomes more negative by K+ ions flowing in
hyperpolarization
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the Na+/K+ pump uses ___________ to return ions to their respective gradients
active transport
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the time between the action potential and the return to membrane resting potential, an action potential cannot be reinitiated during this time
refractory period
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
membrane resting potential has K+ ion concentration higher
intracellularly
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
membrane resting potential has Na+ ion concentration higher
extracellularly
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
if a stimulus brings the cell membrane to threshold an action potential will be generated where
along whole membrane
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
two types of action potential propagation
continuous propagation
salutatory propagation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ propagation is action potential moving along an unmyelinated axons
continuous
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ propagation is leaping of action potential from node to node on myelinated axon
salutatory
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
nodes on axon on unmyelinated axons
Ranvier
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neurotransmitters include (7)
acetylcholine norepinephrine dopamine seratonin Gamma aminobutyric acid nitric oxide carbon monoxide
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
acetylcholine associated with
neuromuscular junctions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
norepinephrine assoc with
brain, ANS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
dopamine assoc with
CNS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
serotonin assoc with
CNS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Gamma aminobutyric acid assoc with
GABA-inhibitory CNS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
nitric oxide assoc with
smooth muscle
blood vessels in the PNS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
carbon monoxied assoc with (neurotransmitter)
synaptic knobs in the brain
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
meuromodulators include opioids classfified as
endorphins
enkephalons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the combination of two or more EPSPs to generate an action potential
summation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
in presynaptic inhibition, ___________ released at the axon-to-axon synapse will inhibit the opening of the ___________ channels
GABA
calcium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the spread of info from one neuron to several neurons, or from one pool to several pools
divergence
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is when several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron
convergence
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the the PNS cell bodies are called
ganglia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
in the PNS axons are bundled together to form
nerves
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the nerves in the PNS are connected to
spinal cord
brain
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
name of nerves connected to brain
cranial nerves
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
in the CNS a collection of neurons or cell bodies with a common function are called
centers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
a nucleus is a center with a
anatomicl boundary
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CNS white matter contains bundles of
axons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CNS white matter axons have common origins or destinations called
tracts
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tracts in the spinal cord form large groups called
columns
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the centers and tracts that link the brain with the rest of the body are called
pathways
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the spinal nerve is a mixture of
sensory and motor fibers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
there are ___________ pairs of spinal nerves coming off the spinal cord
31
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the gray matter of cord is greatest in sensory and motor in segments that deal with the
limbs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
expanded areas of spinal cord are found
cervical and lumbar regions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
end of spinal cord is shaped
tapered and conical
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
end of spinal cord is called
filum terminale
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
each spinal cord segment has a ___________ associated with it
dorsal root ganglia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the cell body of the sensory neurons
dorsal root
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
dorsal root carries info into the
spinal cord
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the motor neurons or output of the spinal cord
ventral root
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the spinal nerve is a mixture of
sensory and motor fibers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
meninges
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 layers of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
dura mater is
outer layer meninges
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
arachnoid mater contains
spinal CSF
middle layer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pia mater is
inner most layer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pia mater means
tender mother
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
epidural space is located between
dura mater and
wall of the vertebral canal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
epidural space contains
loose connective tissue
blood vessels
adipose tissue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
posterior gray horns contain
sensory nuclei
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
anterior gray horns contain
motor nuclei
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the white matter on each side of the spinal cord contains
myelinated axons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the spinal cord white matter is organized into 3 regions
anterior
posterior
lateral
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
around each nerve is a series of connective tissue layers
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ of the spinal nerve supplies sensory and motor function to the skin and muscles of the back
dorsal ramus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ supplies the ventrolateral surface of the body and the structures in the body wall and lids (nerves)
ventral ramus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ us specific region of the skin that is monitored by a single paid of spinal nerves
dermatome
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 major nerve plexi of the NS
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the phrenic nerve contains
cervical plexi
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the femoral nerve contained
lumbar plexi
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the sciatic nerve contained
sacral plexi
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
path of reflexes travel from stimulus to spine via
afferent nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
reflexes leaves spine on
efferent nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
reflexes include
monosynaptic
polysnyaptic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
monosynaptic reflex example
stretch
postural
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
polysynaptic reflex example
tendon
withdrawal
crossed extensor
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is babinski reflex
big toe doral felx - other toes fan out - only seen in infants
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
largest region of brain
cerebrum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cerebrum is separated in paired
left/right hemisphere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what separates cerebrum hemipsheres
longitudinal fissure
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what connects the cerebrum hemipsheres
corpus collusum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is the cerebrum superhighway
corpus collusum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is the corpus collusum made of
thick band of white matter
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what covers the cerebrum hemispheres
cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cerebrum cortex has
ridges and depressions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
name of cerebrum cortex ridges
gyri
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
name of cerebrum cortex depressions
sulci
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 types of fibers (cranial- cerebrum)
association
commisural
projection
arcuate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
association fibers function
connect within same hemisphere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
commissural fiber function
connect between cerebral atmospheres
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
projection fibers function
pass from cortex to spinal cord
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
arcuate fibers function
communicate with individual gyri
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cranial lobes
frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of frontal lobe
executive function/planning
motor functioning
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
parietal lobe contains
primary sensory cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
name of parietal lobe primary sensory cortex
somatosensory
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
temporal lobe contains
primary auditory cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
occipital lobe contains
primary visual cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what separates the motor cortex from the sensory cortex
central sulcus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the motor cortex
pre-central gyrus - frontal lobe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the sensory cortex
post-central gyrus - parietal lobe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
2 area of speech are both in the ___________ hemisphere
left
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what are 2 areas dealing with speech
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
location of Wernicke’s area
temporal lobe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of Wernicke’s area
comprehension/speech
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
location of Broca’s area
frontal lobe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions
prefrontal cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is responsible for language-based skills like reading, writing, speaking, analytical skills and math problems
left hemisphere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment.
right hemisphere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of thalamus
relay center
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of hypothalamus
many incl
temp control
hunger, thirst, and endocrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
limbic system includes
amygdala
hippocampus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of limbic system
emotional states
short term memory
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 ___________ in different regions of the brain
chambers/ventricles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what circulates in the ventricles in brain
CSF
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of CSF
cushion neural tissue
support the brain
transport nutrients, waste products, and chemical messengers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CSF is formed by network of ___________ cells
ependymal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
name of the network of ependymal cells that form CSF
choroids plexus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
throughout the brain are ___________ which consist of generally gray areas taht do not contain myeline but contain cell bodies and/or unmyelinated axons
nuclei (basal nuclei)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
2nd largest structure in the brain
cerebellum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cerebellum has paired
hemisphere
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what connects the cerebellum hemispheres
vermis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when cerebellum is dissected you can see the
arbor vitae
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of cerebellum
control and coordinate movement
balance
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
brain stem consists of
mesencephalon
pons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the mid-brain and functions include processing auditory and visual info
mesencephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mesencephalon contains
substantia nigra
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
substantia nigra releases
dopamine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pons connects the ___________ to the ___________
brain stem
cerebellum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pons contains
somatic motor control nuclei
some respiratory functions
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
spinal cord connects to the brain is located at
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pons relays info via
decussation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pons relays info from ___________ to the ___________
spinal cord
thalamus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pons regulates
autonomic functions such as: breathing heart rate digestion blood pressure
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sites of autonomic function regulation are called:
centers
vasomotor center etc
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
brain development:
prosencephalon forms the
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
telecephalon becomes the
cerebrum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
diencephalon becomes the
adult diencephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mesencephalon forms the
adult mesencephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
rhombencephalno forms the
metencephalon
myelecephalon
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
metencephalon develops into the
cerebellum
pons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
myelecephalon becomes the
medulla
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ is fused to the inner skull
dura mater
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
there is no ___________ in the skull/brain
epidural space
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ is attached to the surface of the brain
pia mater
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what connects the pia mater to the brain
astrocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a layer of neural tissue that separates the brain from the outside circulation
blood brain barrier (BBB)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the BBB’s ___________ lining consists of tight junctions and is selective permeability
endothelial
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
only ___________ like oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, steroids, glucose, and prostaglandins are allowed to pass the BBB
lipid soluble
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what controls the permeability of the BBB membrane
astrocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
olfactory never
cn I - smell
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CN II
optic nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
optic nerve
CN II - sight
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CN III
occulomotor nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
occulomotor nerve
cn III - eye movement
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CN IV
trochlear nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
trochlear nerve
cn IV - motor to the superior oblique (eye)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CN V
trigeminal nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
trigeminal nerve
cn V - sensory and motor to face and mastication
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ responses would include increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, mental alertness, metabolic rate, deactivation of digestive and urinary tract functions, activation of energy reserves, activation of sweat glands
sympathetic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sympathetic fibers also innervate the ___________
adrenal glands
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
adrenal glands are located
on top kidneys
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
adrenal glands secrete
epinephrine
norepinephrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
adrenal gland contains the
second order neuron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ responses would include decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, metabolic rate, salivary and gastrointestinal gland secretion, increase digestive activity, increased urination and defecation
parasympathetic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neurotransmitter involved with parasympathetic is
ACh
acetylocholine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the special senses include
olfaction
ision
gustation
hearing
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is gustation
taste
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
general senses include
pain
temperature
chemical
mechanical distortion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pain sense receptors
nociceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
temperature sense receptors
thermoreceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
chemical sense receptors
chemoreceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mechanical distortion sense receptors
mechanoreceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mechanoreceptors include
tactile tactile discs Meissner's corpuscles lamellate corpuscles ruffini corpuscles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what senses fine touch/pressure
Merkel’s discs
Meissn’er corpuscles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what senses deep pressure
Pacinian
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what responds to change in blood pressure
baroreceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ monitors positions of joints and muscles
proprioceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Olfactory receptors are on the surface of
Nasal mucosa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Olfactory receptors are on nasal cavity cilia. When particles pass over the cilia they are _______ and perceived as smell
Absorbed
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
The axons of the olfactory pathway travel thru the _______ of the _______ bone and reach the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum
Cribiform plate
Ethmoid bone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
From the cerebrum, olfactory pathway travels to the olfactory cortex on the interior region of the ______
Temporal lobe
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Olfactory info is the only sensory info that may reach cortex w/o traveling thru
Thalamus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Gustation receptors are found on the surface
Tongue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Nerve VII
Anterior 2/3 tongue
Sweet, salty, and sour
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Nerve IX
Posterior 1/3 tongue
Bitter
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Nerve X
Surface of the epiglottis
Taste receptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Structures of the eye
Eyelids Medial canthus Lateral canthus Eye lashes Conjunctiva
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Tear ducts
Lacrimal glands
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Lacrimal glands are located
Medial canthus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
What is conjunctiva
Outer surface of eye
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Eye layers are called
Tunics
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Eye tunics include
Fibrous
Vascular
Choroids
Neural
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Fibrous layers of eye
Outer
-sclera
Cornea
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Vascular layers of eye
Middle
Iris, pupil, ciliary body
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
What attaches to iris
Ciliary body
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Eye vascular layer
Choroids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Neural layer of eye
Inner
-retina
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Where are the photoreceptors located
Retina
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
______ is the absorption of photons by the visual pigments in the eye
Photoreception
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Photoreception includes
Rods
Cones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Rods detect
Light
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Cones detect
Color and light
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
More rods or cones in eye
Rods
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
What is responsible for color vision
Cones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 types of cones
Blue
Green
Red
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lens of the eye is found behind
cornea
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of the lens
focus light on the photoreceptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
shape of lens
convex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
clarity of vision
visual acuity
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
normal visual acuity
20/20
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
acuity below ___________ is legally blind
20/200
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
visual info is received by the photoreceptors passing to the
optic disc
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
visual info travels from optic disc down the ___________ to the ___________
optic nerve
optic chiasm
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
at the optic chiasm this occurs
half the fibers cross over (decussation) to the opposite side
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
decussation occurs 2 places
optic chiasm
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
once visual info is past the optic chiasm, the neurons travel down the ___________ to the ___________
optic tract
lateral geniculate bodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
from the geniculate bodies the visual info travels to the ___________ or ___________ to be processed
occipital
visual cortex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ear has 2 functions
hearing
balance
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another word for balance
equilibrium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ear is divided into
external
middle
inner
cochlea
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
external ear includes
pinna
canal
tympanic membrane
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ear lobe
pinna
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
middle ear includes
eustachian tube
auditory ossicles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 middle ear auditory ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
inner ear includes
labyrinth
vestibule
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ear labyrinth includes/function
semicircular canals
head rotation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ear vestibule contains/function
otoliths
head tilting
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hearing is perceived when the vibrations of the inner ear bones stimulate the ___________ of the ___________
perilymph
cochlea
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ in the cochlea are stimulated and sound is recognized
tiny hair cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the tiny hair cells of the cochlea are located in a structure called
organ of corti
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hearing is perceived when sound waves arrive at the
tympanic membrane
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
movement of the tympanic membrane causes vibration of the
auditory ossicles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
movement of the stapes on the oval window creates a pressure wave on the ___________
perilymph of the vestibular duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pressure waves distort the basilar membrane, vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of the hair cells against the
tectoral membrane
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
auditory info regarding sound is relayed to the CNS via the ___________ branch of the Nerve ___________
cochlear branch
N VIII
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
chemical messengers
hormones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
endocrine system releases hormones in ___________ and transports via ___________
tissue
blood stream
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hormones have a specific target ___________
cell
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
exocring glands secrete via
ducts
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
endocrine glands do not secrete via
ducts
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
non-steroidal hormones bind to ___________ on the cell membrane
receptors
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
non-steroidal hormones activate messengers in the ___________ of the cell
cytoplasm
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
activation of messengers in the cytoplasm will cause a change in cell ___________ or ___________
metabolism
function
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hormone is ___________ messenger
first
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cytoplasm of cell is the ___________ messenger
second
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ hormones can pass directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
steroidal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ can directly affect the function of genes in the nucleus of the cell
steroidal hormones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 groups of hormones
amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
peptide hormones include
ADH
oxytocin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what hormone is involved with inflammatory response
prostaglandins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ regulates the secretion of hormones
hypothalamus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in the ___________
pituitary gland
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the hypothalamus acts as an endocrine organ by directly secreting hormones into the
blood stream
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hypothalamus regulating hormones include
thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for pituitary gland
hypophysis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pituitary gland rests in the ___________ of the ___________ bone
sella turcica
sphenoid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalams by the
infundibulum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the pituitary gland’s connectin to the circulatory system
portal system
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the portal system contains a ___________
network of blood vessels
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
portal system’s network of blood vessels allows the passage of ___________ directly into the blood stream
hormones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
anterior pituitary called
adenophphysis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
anterior pituitary contains
pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
largest part of anterior pituitary
ars distalis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
TSH impacts
thyrotropin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ACTH does what
stimulates the release of steroids by the adrenal gland
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
FSH does what
stimulates follices in M/F sex cells
oocytes
spermatazoa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
LH does what in females
stimulates ovulation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
LH does what in males
stimulates testosterone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
PRL does what
stimulates milk production
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
posterior pituitary gland is called (2 names)
neurohypophysis pars nervosa (nervous tissue)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
posterior pituitary gland produces
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ADH does what
increases blood pressure and blood volume by reducing the amount of water released from kidneys
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
oxytocin does what
stimulates uterine contraction and lactation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pineal gland produces
melatonin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
melatonin is produced from what
serotonin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
thyroid gland produces
thyroxin (t4)
tiiodothyronine (t3)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
T4 and T3 are both involved with
metabolism
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
T4 and T3 produce
calcitonin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
parathyroid gland is located where
posterior surface of thyroid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
parathyroid gland secretes
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does PTH do
stimulates osteoclasts to break bone increasing Ca in the blood
stimulates calcitriol in the kidney
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heart secretes
atrial netiuretic peptide (ANP)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when is ANP released
in response to high pressure by inhibiting renin and increasing sodium excretion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
thymus secrets
thymosin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
thymosin does what
increases maturation of T cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
kidneys secretes
calcitriol
erythropoietin
renin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
calcitriol does what
increases absorption of Ca and P+ in the GI tract
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
erythropoietin does what
stimulates the RBC production
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
renin is secreted by ___________ cells
JG
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
angtiotensiongen creates
angiotensin I
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
angiotensin I creates
angiotensin II
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
renin causes
adrenal gland to release aldosterone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does aldosterone cause
kidney to resorb Na+ and water (leads to increased BP and BV)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cortex of the adrenal glands secretes
aldosterone
cortisol
sex hormones
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
medulla of the adrenal glands secretes
epinephrine
norepinephrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
aldosterone causes
increase in BP and BV
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cortisol is the ___________ hormone
stress
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cortisol causes
increase glucose formation at liver
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what sex hormones are thought to be released from adrenal glands
androgens
estrogens
progestins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ and ___________ when released cause an increase in sympathetic response
epinephrine
norepinephrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
islets of Langerhans are located
pancreas
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
alpha cells from the islets of langerhans release
glucagons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
glucagons increase
blood sugar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
beta cells from islets of langerhans release
insulin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
insulin does what
decreases blood sugar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
testerone is an
androgen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what produces testerone in males
testes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
testerone in men stimulates production of
sperm
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
secondary sex characteristics in men is determined by
testerone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
estrogen is produced where
oocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where are oocytes located
ovaries in follicles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
estrogen stimulates
follicle maturation
growth of uterus
secondary sex characteristics
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what releases progesterone in female
corpus luteum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
progesterone prepares the ___________ for the arrival of ___________
uterus
developing embryo
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
progesterone causes
enlargement of mammary glands
accelerates movement of oocyte/embryo
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is fluid connective tissue
blood
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
matrix of blood is called
plasma
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ accounts for 43-63% of the volume of whole blood
plasma
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is 92% of plasma
water
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood contains formed elements
rbc
wbc
platelets
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
99% of formed elements in blood is
rbs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
average adult contains ___________ of blood
5 liters
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
plasma contains the following dissolved proteins
albumens
globulins
fibrinogen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fibrinogen is involved with
blood clotting
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
albuments involved with
osmotic pressure
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
globulins involved with
antibodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the production of blood cells
hemopoiesis or
hematopoiesis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
in adult only site for hemopoiesis is
bone marrow
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
rbc are basically “bags” of
hemoglobin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
one hemoglobin molecule can carry ___________ molecules of oxygen
4
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the percentage of whole blood in the occupied by cellular elements
hematocrit
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hematocrit value is due to the volume of
rbcs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
rbc is a ___________ disc
biconcave
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
shape of rbc allow it to
larger surface are to volume
form stacks that smooth the flow of blood
bend/flex when entering capillaries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
circulation rbc can’t divide because they lack
nuclei
ribosomes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lifespan of rbc is
120 days
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hemoglobin contains 4 ___________
heme groups
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
each heme group carries
one oxygen molecule
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does oxygen bind to in the heme group
iron molecule
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
at end of rbc lifespan the cell is ___________ and sent to the ___________
phagocytized
kidney
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
once phagocytized rbc reaches the kidneys it is released in the
urine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is too much broken down rbcs in urine
hematuria
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the globulin portion of broken down rbc is disassembled into ___________ and are used by the body
amino acids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
broken down heme groups are stripped of their ___________ and it is converted to ___________
iron molecules
biliverdin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
biliverdin is converted to
bilirubin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bilirubin binds with ___________ in the blood stream and is sent to the liver to be excreted in the ___________
albumin
bile
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
red bone marrow is called
myeloid tissue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
erythropoiesis is
rbc production
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
erythropoiesis occures in
myeloid tissue/red bone marrow
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
stage 1 of rbc production:
hemocytoblasts divide into
myeloid stem cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
stage 2 of rbc production:
white blood cells divide into
lympoid cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
final stage of rbc production forms what
reticulocyte
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is immature rbc
reticulcyte
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
rbc are fully mature after
24 hours
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood cell production is stimulated by the hormone
erythropoietin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is necessary to prevent anemia
b12
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
normal blood cell production is dependent on the presence of
certain amino acids and b vitamins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type refers to cell membrane ___________
antigens
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
surface antigens on rbcs are called
agglutinogens
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 types of surface antigens
A
B
Rh or D
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type A =
surface antigen A
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type B =
surface antigen B
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type AB =
antigens A and B
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type O =
no antigens
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type positive =
Rh positive
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood type negative =
Rh negative
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wbc are different than rbc b/c they
lack hemoglobin
have ribosomes and nuclei
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wbc are the ___________ cells
immune
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of wbc
fight invading pathogens
remove toxins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wbc divided into 2 groups
granular leukocytes
agranular leukocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
microliter of blood contains ___________ wbc
6000-9000
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is most wbc stored
connective tissues of body
lymph organs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 characteristics of wbcs
capable of amoeboid movement
can migrate out of the blood stream
attracted to specific chemical stimuli
some wbcs are capable of phagocytizing other cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
5 types of wbcs
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ account for 50-70% of the wbcs (most abundant)
neutrophils
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are the first wbc to arrive at site of injury
neutrophils
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neutrophils attack
bacteria
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 classes of lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
NK cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are the macrophages of the immune system
monocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
eosinophils attack
parasites
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
basophils are active in ___________
allergic reactions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
basophils release
histamine
heparin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
besides basophil what else releases histamine and heparin
mast cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wbc are produced from the ___________ in the bone marrow
stem cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ divide into lympoid stem cells and go on to become wbcs
hemocytoblasts
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wbc mature in
bone
thymus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
platelets are also called
thrombocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lifespan platelets
9-12 dyas
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
1/3 platelets are stored in
spleen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of platelets
transporting chemicals needed for clotting
formation of temp patch on wall of damanged blood vessels
active contraction after clot formation to shrink size of hole
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
platelet production
thrombocytopoiesis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
platelet production occurs
bone marrow
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
plateletes form from
megakaryocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
process of stopping bleeding in damaged tissues of the body
hemostasis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 phases of hemostasis
vascular
platelet
coagulation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
damage wall of blood vessel will spasm to decrease diameter of vessel
vascular phase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
platelets attach to endothelial surface and attract more platelets
platelet phase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
clotting occurs in this phase
coagulation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most of the clotting factors are produced where
liver
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
plasma contains several anticoagulants (or anticlotting factors) used for feedback to control abnormal clotting
antithrombin
heparin
thrombomodulin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
antithrombin III inhibits
thromin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heparin activates ___________ and prevents clotting
antithrombin III
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
thrombomodulin binds with thrombin to form ___________
protein C
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
protein C stimulates the production of
plasmin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
plasmin breaks down the ___________ of the ___________
fibrin strands
clot
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what 2 substances are involved with all clotting
calcium
Vit K
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Vit K must be present for the liver to produce
prothrombin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where can Vit K be found
green veggies
grain
organ meats
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
half the daily requirements for Vit K is produced in
large intestine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is an abnormal drifting blood clot
embolus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is an anticoagulant drug that blocks the clotting factors by blocking the action of vit k
coumadin aka Warfarin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ activated antithrombin
heparin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ inactivates platelet enzymes, and will reduce the sensitivity of the clotting process
aspirin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is hereditary disorder characterized by inadequeat production of clotting factors
hemophilia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
adult heart is the size of
closed fist
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
rounded point of the cone (heart) is called
apex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
large flat portion of cone (heart) is called
base
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heart is located in the
thoracic cavity
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
in the thoracic cavity the heart is between the ___________ in a midline partition called ___________
lungs
mediastinum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
chambers of the heart include
2 atria
2 ventricles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what separates the chambers of the heart
septums
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what are the septums in the heart
interatrial
interventricle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heart is surrounded by a double-layered closed sac called the
pericardium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heart wall is comprised of
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the role/place of epicardium
out
prevents friction
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the place/role of myocardium
middle
muscle layer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the place/role of endocardium
inner
reduces friction from blood passing through the heart
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the myocardium is particularly large on the
left ventricle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood coming into the heart is ___________ in oxygen
low
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
low oxygen blood enters the ___________
vena cava
superior, inferior
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood moves from the vena cava to the ___________
right atrium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood moves from the right atrium to the
right ventricle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood goes from the right ventricle to the
pulmonary trunk
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood goes from the pulmonary trunk to the
pulmonary arteries (to lungs)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood going to the heart gets oxygen added where
pulmonary arteries/lungs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood leaves the lungs by (heart circulation)
pulmonary veins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood leaves the pulmonary veins to the
left atrium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood leaves the left atrium to the
left ventricle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood leaves the left ventricle to the
aorta
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood supply to heart
starts at base of ascending aorta and goes to
coronary arteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood supply leaves coronary arteries and goes to
heart muscle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood supply leaves heart muscle and goes to
cardiac veins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood supply leaves cardiac veins and goes to
coronary sinus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood supply leaves coronary sinus and goes to
right atrium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ are located between the atria and ventricles
atrialventricular valves (AV valves)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Av valves include
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bicuspid valve is located which side of heart
left
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tricuspid valve is located which side of heart
right
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ attaches between the valves and the papillary muscles (heart)
chordae tendonae
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ secures the valves in the heart
papillary muscles
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ separates the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary trunk
semilunar valves
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
valve associated with aorta
aortic valve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
valve associated with pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the location of the former foramen ovale
fossa ovalis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is location where mother’s oxygenated blood bypasses baby’s lungs and goes into the left ventricle
foramen ovale
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when does foramen ovale close
baby’s first breath
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscles are joined by
intercalated discs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
intercalated discs’s membranes have ___________ greatly increasing contact between adjacent cells
folds
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what holds cardiac cells together
desmosomes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
area of low electrical resistance between cardiac cells
gap junctions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
gap junctions allow ___________ to move from one cell to the next
action potential
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ onset of contraction
slow
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscle cells have a ___________ contraction time
prolonged
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac cell contraction is prolonged due to the length of time required for ___________ to move to and from the myofibrils
calcium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
reason cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels
support aerobic respiration
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac muscles have a lot of
mitochondria
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
benefit of cardiac muscle having a lot of mitochondria
sustain high energy level (ATP production)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
how is oxygen supplied to cardiac muscle?
capillary network
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of the conducting system of the heart
relay electric action potentials thru the heart
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
conducting system of the heart consists of
two nodes and a conducting bundle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
right atrium has 2 nodes
sinoatrial (SA)
atrioventricular (AV)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the
interventricular septum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what connects the AV node to the bundle branches
AV bundle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for AV bundle
Bundle of His
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the bundle branches give rise to
Purkinje fibers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
SA node initiates
action potentials
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
action potentials cause the atria to
contract
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
action potentials are slowed where
in the AV node
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
action potentials cause ventricles to contract where
purkinje fibers
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is when cardiac muscle cells touch together and they beat together
syncytium
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
external cells that help regulate heart
pacemaker cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what records electrical activities of the heart
ECG
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is depolarization of the atria
P wave
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ : depolarization of the ventricles
QRS complex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when does atrial systole occur
P wave
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when does ventricular systole and atria repolarization occur
QRS complex
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a contraction/constriction of ventricles or atria
systole
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is relaxation of ventricles or atria
diastole
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the beginning of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ sound is produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves
lubb
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ sound is produced from closure of semilunar valves
dupp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heart sound sequence
lubb dupp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
CO=SV x HR
cardiac output = stroke volume x heartbeats/minute
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is volume of blood entering aorta and pulmonary trunk
stroke volumne
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the total resistance against which blood must be pumped
peripheral resistance (PR)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ systolic pressure
120 mm Hg
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ diastolic pressure
80 mm Hg
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ describes the relationship between preload and the stoke volume of the heart
Starling’s law of the heart
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched
preload
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
increased preload causes the cardiac muscle fibers to contract with a greater force and produce a ___________
greater stroke volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac center is in the
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart parasympathetically by stimulating the
vagus nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
vagus nerve is N ___________
X
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cardiac center regulates nervous control of heart sympathetically by the
cardiac accelerator nerve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
during a sympathetic response ___________ and ___________ increase the heart rate and force heart contraction
epinephrine
norepinephrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ and ___________ contain chemoreceptors that respond to O2 and CO2 amounts in heart
carotid bodies
aortic bodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ and ___________ have baroreceptors responding to pressure (heart)
carotid sinuses
aortic sinuses
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
largest artery
aorta
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
largest vein
vena cava
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
capillaries include
continuus
fenestrated
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ have no gaps between the endothelial cells; are less permeable to large molecules
continnus capillaries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ consists of a porous diaphragm allowing cells to be very permeable to molecules
fenestrated capillaries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are large diameter sinusoidal capillaries with a sparse basement membrane, large molecules and even cells pass through there
sinusoids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sinusoids are common in the ___________ and the ___________
liver
bone marrow
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sinusoids are closely associated with with ___________ of the immune system
macrophages
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are even larger than sinusoidal type
venous sinuses
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
venous sinuses are found where
spleen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ have large gaps between the endothelial cells
venous sinuses
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 layers of vessel tissue (from inside to out)
tunica intima (tunica interna) tunica media tunica adventitia (tunica externa)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tunica media is
smooth muscle layer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ have more muscle (vessels)
arteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are the larger diameter vessel type
veins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which vessel type contains valves
veins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ contain internal elastic layer and less muscle than the muscular arteries
elastic arteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
capillaries only consist of
tunica intima
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
increase of blood vessel diameter
vasodilate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
decrease of blood vessel diameter
vasoconstrict
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
decrease in elastin production in aging leads to
ateriosclerosis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is Circle of Willis located
brain
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteries and hepatic veins are associated with
mesenterics
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what artery is watched for strokes
carotid artery
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what arteries are watched for heart attacks (mi)
coronary arteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ system is part of the defense system
lymphatic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tonsils are made of
lymphoid tissue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tonsils include
pharyngeal
sublingual
palatine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pharyngeal tonsils are called
adenoids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is thymus located
mediastinum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
thymus begins to shrink when
puberty
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what matures in thymus
T cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
spleen is located
abdominal cavity - left superior posterior region
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is associated with red blood cells in spleen
red pulp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
red pulp is
rbc graveyard
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
white pulp (spleen) is assoc with
lymphocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
a ___________ exists between vessels and spleen
hilus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of spleen
detect and respond to foreign substances in the blood
destroy old rbcs
serve as blood reservoir
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
blood entering the spleen passes through the ___________
white pulp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lymphocytes in white pulp activate in response to ___________ in the blood
microbes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
leaving the spleen blood goes through the ___________
red pulp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
as blood passes through red pulp ___________ can be activated to clean up the blood
macrophages
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are large aggregations of lymph nodes
Peyer’s patches
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where are peyer’s patches found
distal 1/2 of the SI and appendix
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are dense arrangements of lymph tissue organized into compact structures
lymph nodes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where are lymph nodes found
all over the body
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 superficial collection of lymph nodes include
inguinal nodes
axillary nodes
cervical nodes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where does interstitial fluid come from for lymph nodes
lymph tissue
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where does lymph travel towards
subclavian vein (left or right)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ vessels go to lymph node
afferent
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
eventually lymph reaches a
duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lymph on right side of body(head, neck, limb) travels thru
right lymphatic duct
right subclavian vein
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
left head neck limb lymph enter the
thoracic duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a holding tank
cistern
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ is at the base of the thoracic duct
cisterna chili
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the cisterna chili has lymph vessels from
lower limbs and abdomen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the cisterna chili receives a large amount of lymph from where
digestive tract
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pathogens cause
disease
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tears prevent disease b/c they contain
salt
lysozyme
IgA
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sweat prevents disease b/c it contains
ammonia
salt
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
saliva prevents disease b/c it contains
lysozyme
IgA
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Urine prevents disease b/c it contains
ammonia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ occurs in response to pathogen entering the body
inflammation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 signs of inflammation
pain
swelling
redness
heat
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when cells are damaged they release
chemicals
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mast cells release ___________ and ___________ when tissue is damaged
histamine
heparin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
heparin’s function
anticlot
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
histamine causes ___________, ___________, and ___________ to site of injury
vasodilation
vessel permeability
chemotaxis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is attraction of wbcs
chemotaxis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
how to wbcs move
diapedesis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what causes fever
pyrons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
other chemicals involved with inflammation
interferons
kinins
leukotrienes
interleukins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a protein involved with defense
complement
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
complement proteins are named:
C1-C9
factors B,D and P
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
how do complement proteins attack pathogens
form a membrane attack complex (MAC) and open pores on pathogen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
complements with antibodies cause the wbcs to more attracked to pathogens. Called:
opsonization
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Natural Killer cells look for cells who’s ___________ have ___________
membranes
changed shape
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
if NK cells detect something wrong w/cell they release ___________ which created holes and kills the cell
perforin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
micro and macrophages do what
eat up
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
b cells mature
bone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
t cells mature
thymus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
important concept in immune is determining self from
non-self
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when an ___________ is recognized it causes a response
antigen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
immunity includes
innate
acquired
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
innate immunity is
genetically determined
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
acquired immunity is from
exposure
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
active acquired immunity is from
antigen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
passive acquired immunity is from
transfer of antibodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cell mediated immunity is
cell to cell
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
EBV targets the
B cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
HIV targets
CD4 (T helper) cell
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
t helper cell secretes
cytokines
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
b cells secrete
antibodies
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
t suppresser cell does what
inhibit T and B cell activation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are chemicals released from cells which affect nearby cells and activate NK cells
interferons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most lymphocyte activation involves
glycoproteins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the glycoproteins on the surface of the pathogens are called
major histocompatability moelecules “MHC”
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
antibodies also called
immunoglobins
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
antibodies are produced by ___________ cells
plasma
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where are antibodies produced
blood plasma
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
5 types of anitbodies
IgM, A, D, G, E
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
IgM is
first to respond
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
IgA found in
in saliva, tears, mucous, breast milk
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
IgD associated with
on B Cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
IgG is
largets and diverse class - can cross placenta
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
IgE is
type I allergic reaction
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which antibody binds to mast cells and basophils
IgE
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
all living cells require oxygen for
metabolism
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
metabolism produces
ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
how is oxygen provided to cells
respiration
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does respiration remove
carbon dioxide
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
upper resp tract refers to
nasal cavity
pharynx
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lower resp tract refers to
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
resp tract is lined with ___________ to assist in moving mucus
cilia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of mucus in resp tract
traps bacteria and debris
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the nasal cavity is divided by the
nasal septum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
anterior part of the nasal septum is
cartilage
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
posterior aspect of the nasal septum is
vomer
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of the nasal cavity
cleans air
traps debris
humidifies and warms the air
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ are located in the nasal septum
paranasal sinuses
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is function of paranasal sinuses
resonate sounds
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the pharynx is the
throat
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pharynx is divided into 3 regions
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larngopharynx
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what enters the nasopharynx
eustachian tubes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
larynx contains the
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is the adam’s apple
thyroid cartilage
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
vocal chords are found in the
larynx
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are a pair of ligaments that extend off the arytenoid cartilage to the posteriod surface of the thyroid cartilage
vocal cords
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
opening between the 2 vocal cords
glottis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ covers the opening of the larynx and prevents food from entering it
epiglottis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wind pipe
trachea
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
trachea contains ___________ rings of cartilage
C shape
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
posterior aspect of the trachea is made up of the
trachealis muscle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
trachea divides to form
2 primary bronchi
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
trachea divides at the level of the
carina
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is the site of gas exchange in resp system
aveoli
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the base of each lung rests on the
diaphragm
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which lung is larger
right
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
how many lobes each lung have
left: 2
right: 3
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what nerve stimulates the diaphragm
phrenic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is primary muscle of breathing
diaphragm
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what other muscles contribute to breathing
intercostals
abdomen muslces
some neck/back
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a lipoprotein secreted by the alveolar cells
surfactant
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of surfactant
reduce surface friction of the alveoli
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
surfactants are also produced in what cavity
pleural
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
ventilation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
inspiration is called
inhalation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
expirations is called
exhalation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the measure of the ease at which lungs and thorax expand
compliance
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the measure of the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs
spirometry
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
spirometry is measured by a
spirometer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does spirometry measure
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the total volume of air that is inspired and expired
tidal volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normal inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the amount of air that can be expelled forcibily after normal expiration
expiratory reserve volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the air volume left in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
residual volume
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
once oxygen diffuses from the alveolus of the lungs it is bound to
hemoglobin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hemoglobin (with oxygen) travels from pulmonary capillaries to the
tissue capillaries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
once hemoglobin arrives at the tissue, the oxygen diffuses from the tissue capillaries to the
interstitial fluid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is produced as a by-product of cellular resp
carbon dioxide
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
gas exchange to remove carbon dioxide happens where
alveolus of lungs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
as ph of blood reduces the amount of O2 boudn to hemoglobin
reduces
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
increase in the H+ ions change blood’s
ph
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is when H+ combines with hemoglobin, changing its structure and reducing the ability of oxygen to bind to it
Bohr Effect
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
as temp in blood increases, oxygen’s ability to bind to hemoglobin
reduces
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
carbon dioxide is transported in the blood by these methods
co2 gas in blood
globin part of hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most common method of carbon dioxide transport
bicarbonate ions
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the propensity of hemoglobin to bind with carbon dioxide after it has released its O2
haldane effect
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
resp center is located in the
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ contains the apneustic and pneumotxic areas
pons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is abnormal inspiration pattern involving deep gasping inspiration and ineffective delayed exspiration
apneustic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________is area involved with regulating how much air intake
pneumotaxic area
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where does GI tract start
mouth/oral cavity
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pathway of GI tract
oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anaus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
small intestine is broken down in order
suodenum
jejunm
ileum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
large intestine is broken down in order
colon cecum ascending transverse descending sigmoid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what shape is the sigmoid of the large intestine
s shape
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
accessory organs of GI tract
glands teeth liver gallbladder pancreas appendix
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when food starts in the mouth it becomes
bolus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the bolus goes through ___________ and arrives in the stomach
segmentation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when the bolus leaves the stomach it becomes
chyme
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the contraction of the smooth muscles that moves the bolus/chyme through the gi tract
peristalsis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
peritoneum contains
visceral
parietal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the visceral aligns the
organs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the parietal aligns the
cavities
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ attach to the abdominal organs
mesenteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mesenteries are double sheets of
peritoneal membrane
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what stabilizes the stomach
lesser omentum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ covers the surface of the intestines anteriorly
greater omentum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
omentum is ___________
fatty skin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 layers in alimentary canal
mucosa layer
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mucous (alimentary canal) is produced by way of the ___________ cells
goblet
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the mucosa layer contains the
lamina propria
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the lamina propria contains
muscularis mucosa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
shapes of muscles in muscularis mucosa
circular
longitudinal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which layer of alimentary canal tends to be innervated
submucosa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is found in submucosa layer of alimentary canal
Meissner’s plexus or submucosal plexus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscularis (externa) layer contains what shape muscles
circular
longitudinal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the muscularis layer is innervated with the plexus of
Auerbach aka myenteric plexus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
serosa layer of alimentary canal is called adbentitia in the ___________, ___________, ___________, and ___________
oral cavity
pahrynx
esophagus
rectum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ = oral cavity
buccal cavity
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
buccal cavity contains
labia (lips)
gingival
uvula
fauces
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ = gums
gingival
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of uvula
prevents food prematurely entering pharynx
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ = passageway between mouth and orophayrnx
fauces
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tongue
glossa
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tongue is made of ___________ and ___________ muscle
intrinsic
extrinsic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tongue has
body
root
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the thin fold of mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
frenulum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cranial nerves associated with tongue
N XII - hypoglossal
N VII - facial
N IX - glossopharyngeal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which cranial nerve associated with tongue muscle movement
hypoglossal N XII
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which cranial nerve associated with taste
facial N VII and
glossopharyngeal N IX
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 salivary glands
sublingual
submandibula
parotid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of sublingual salivary glands
buffer and lubricate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of submandibula salivary glands
mucins and salivary amylase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of parotid salivary glands
salivary amylase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what salivary gland produces the most of saliva
submandibula (70%)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is an enzyme that breaks down some carbohydrates
salivary amylase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
saliva consists of ___________ of water
99.4%
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what besides water is in saliva
electrolyte mucins
buffers
IgA
lysozyme
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is role of buffers in saliva
keep ph around 7
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is an enzyme with defensive quality
lysozyme
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ targets the salivary glands, especially parotid
mumps
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
adults have ___________ permanent teeth
32
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for permanent teeth
secondary
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
children have ___________ primary teeth
20
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
another name for primary teeth
deciduous
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
types of teeth
incisors
cuspids
bicuspids
molars
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
incisors are
bladed
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cuspids are
canines
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bicuspids are
premolars
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
molars do what
crush and grind
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tooth includes
crown
neck
root
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
crown of tooth includes
enamel
dentin
pulp
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
neck of tooth is surrounded by
gingival
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
root of tooth contains
root canal
cementum
periodontal ligament
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is chewing
mastication
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pharynx consists of
oropharynx
larynxopharynx
nasopharynx
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
which muscle is associated with pharynx
constrictor
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of constrictor muscle
move bolus to the esophagus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
esophagus runs from ___________ to ___________
pharynx
stomach
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
esophagus contains upper and lower ___________ muscle which controls the amount of bolus from passing
esophageal sphincter
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
people with ___________ may have issues with the closure of the sphincter muscle
GERD or acid reflux
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is swallowing
deglutition
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
swallowing reflex is located where
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
esophageal ___________ is an opening in diaphragm
hiatus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hernia in diaphragm (esophageal)
hiatal hernia
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of the stomach
food storage
mechanical breakdown of food
chemical breakdown of food
instrinsic factor involved iwth Vita B12 absopriton
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
chyme enters the duodendum via the
pyloric sphincter
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
stomach anatomy
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most superior part of stomach
fundus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
main part of stomach
body
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
location of pylorus on stomach
between body and duodendum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
major artery vasculizing stomach
gastric artery
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
tissue of stomach consists of a muscle layer that contains what muscle shapes
circular
longitudinal
oblique
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
epithelium layer of stomach of folds called ___________ and shallow depressions called ___________
rugae
gastric pits
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
parietal cells (stomach) secrete ___________ and ___________
intrinsic factor
HCL
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are located deep in the gastric pit of stomach
chief cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
chief cells secrete ___________
pepinogen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pepinogen and HCL combine and form
pepsin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is a protease (enzyme which breaks down proteins)
pepsin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
located in the pylorus are the ___________ which secrete gastrin
G cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ causes contractions of the gastric wall and stimulates the parietal and chief cells
gastrin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ nerve responds parasympathetically, signallying smooth muscle contractions of the peristalsis
vagus nerve N X
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
location of highest absoprtion of nutrients
small intestine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
small folds on the intestines are called
plicae
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
on the plicae are intestinal ___________
villi
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
within the villus the lacteal absorbs mostly
lipids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
globlet cells produce
mucin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Brunner’s glands produce copious amounts of ___________ when chyme arrives from the stomach (intestines)
mucus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cryptes of Lieberkuhn located in the ___________
intestines
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ cells are located deep in intestines and secrete lysozyme, defensins, etc which kill bacteria
paneth cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
brush border enzymes are involved with
digestion
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the gastroileal reflex relaxes the
ileocecal valve
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are towards the end of the ileum
Peyer’s patches
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are defense against the symbiotic bacteria inhabiting the large intestine
peyer’s patches
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is control of vomiting located
medulla oblongata
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreas anatomy contains
head
body
tail
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreas contains
lobules
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreas is primarily vascularized by the
pancreatic arteries
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreatic islets are called
Islets of Langerhan
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ has endocrine function and acinar cells
islets of langerhan
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice - this is an ___________ function
exocrine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
70% of pancreatic enzymes are
proteases
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreatic lipases breakdown
fats
triglycerides
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pancreatic amylases are also called
carbohydrase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes
CCK
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ from the duodendum stimulates production of pancreatic buffers
secretin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ nerve also stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes
vagus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ducts of the pancreas includes ___________
Wirsung duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ meets the bile duct
Wirsung duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where is the bile duct from
live and gallbladder
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
where does the Wirsung and bile ducts meet
ampulla of Vater
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the duodenal and hepatopancreatic ampulla
ampulla of Vater
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is duct that leads to the duodendum
Santorini duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is the largest visceral organ
liver
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver has ___________ lobes
4
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
4 lobes of liver
right
left
caudate
quadrate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
right and left lobes of liver are divided by the
Falcifom ligament
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what lobe of liver is dorsal
caudate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ marks the path of the umbilical cord
ligamentum teres
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver contains
hepatocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ adjust circulating levels of nutrients by selective absorption and secretion
hepatocytes
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hepatocytes produce bile from
cholesterol
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver lobules are surrounded by 6
hepatic triads
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
branches of the hepatic portal area:
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
small branch of bile duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
throughout the liver lobules are ___________ cells
Kupffer
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Kupffer cells are
macrophages
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Kupffer cells prefer to eat
damaged rbcs
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bile is secreted via
bile canaliculi
ductules
ducts
common hepatic duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bile is
amphipathic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is hydrophobic and hydrophilic
amphipathic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bile being amphipathic allows it to emulsify and transport
lipids
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver is very important metabolically with regards to
carbohydrates
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the following occurs in liver wrt carbohydrates
glycogenesis glycogen glycogen (stored) glycogenolysis glycogen glucose gluconeogensis lactic acid + AA's glucose
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when lipids decline, the lipid reserves empty into the
bloodstream
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
most lipids absorbed from digestion bypass
hepatic portal circulation
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver is involved with
removal of toxins
waste removal
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver stores
fat soluble vitamines KADE
Vita B12
minerals: iron (Fe) and copper (Cu)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
liver converts ___________ from the skin
Vitamin D3
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
function of gallbladder
store bile
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ duct leaves the gallbladder
cystic
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cystic duct joins the ___________
common hepatic duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cystic duct and common hepatic duct form the
common bile duct
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ releases bile to the duodendum
sphincter of Oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
functions of large intestines
reabsorption of water
compactor
absorption of vit (b12, biotin, k)
store fecal matter
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
pouches in large intestine
haustra
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is peristalsis of colon
haustral churning
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
3 bands of longitudinal muscles in Large intestine that causes churning called
taentia coli
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ attaches to the cecum
vermiform appendix
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________dominates the veriform appendix
lymphoid nodules
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is digested in mouth/by what
carbohydrates/amylase
fat/liqual lipase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mechanical digestion occuring in mouth
mastication
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is digested in stomach/by what
proteins/ pepsin and acid
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is digested in duodenum/by what
proteuin/trypsin
carbs/pancreatic amylase
lipid/pancreatic lipase
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lipid starts as a ___________ that is broken down into little bubbles
fat bubble
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lipid is broken down by
emulsification
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
when lipid is emulsified it becomes
micelle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is bile and fat
micelle
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
micelle is broken down into
chylomicron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is micelle and protein
chylomicron
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fat soluble vitamins are
KADE
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
water soluble vitamins are
mostly B’s and C
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what does B12 need to be digested
intrinsic factor
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
metabolism includes ___________ and ___________ of organic molecules
catabolism
anabolism
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ breaking down of organic molecules
catabolism
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ synthesis of organic molecules
anabolism
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is the energy molecule
ATP -3
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
main focus of metabolism is production of
ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cAMP has how many phosphate groups
1
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ADP has how many phosphate groups
2
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ATP has how many phosphate groups
3
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what is produced in mitochondrion along with ATP
CO2
water
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
process of ATP synthesis in mitochondrion is called
areobic resp
cellular respiration
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
ATP synthesis outside of mitochondrion is called
anaerobic respiration
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
basic unit of carbohydrates is
monosaccharide
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
primary source of energy for cellular resp
glucose
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
glucose is
6 carbon monosaccharide
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
other sugars are
sucrose
fructose
lactose
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sucrose is
table sugar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
fructose is
fruit sugar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lactose is
milk sugar
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ is process of breaking down glucose for energy
glycolysis
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
to start glycolysis ___________ is needed
2 ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
glycolysis creates ___________ ATP
4
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
net result of glycolysis
2 ATP
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
glycolysis does not require
oxygen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
if oxygen is present glycolysis produces ___________ ATP
36 or 38
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
end product of glucose in glycolysis (with oxygen) is
pyruvic acid
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end product of glucose in glycolysis (without oxygen) is
lactic acid
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___________ is the cycle used in aerobic resp
Krebs Cycle
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used after Krebs cycle in aerobic resp
ETC/ETS
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what is pyruvate
salt form of pyruvic acid
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the ___________ is a sequence of proteins called cytochromes
ETC
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the ETC is a series of ___________ reactions
redux
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the reactions of ETC lead to a build up of ___________ outer and inner membrane of mitochondrion
H+
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we expire Co2 from the ___________ and H2) from ___________ and ___________
krebs cycle
krebs and ETC
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___________ breakdown of lipids
lipolysis
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___________ creation of lipids
lipogenesis
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bad cholesterol is
low density lipoprotein (LDL)
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good cholesterol is
high density lipoprotein (HDL)
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low density lipoprotein is made in
liver
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high density lipoprotein goes to
liver
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___________ can also be used for energy in certain circumstances
amino acids
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vit K source
symbiotic bacteria
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function of vit K
clotting/prothrombin
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vit A source
leafy green and yellow veggies
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Vit A function
vision/retinol
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Vit D source
made in body
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sequence for how Vit D is made in body
skin
liver
kidney
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Vit D function
absorptinof Ca+/digestive tract
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Vit E source
meat, milk, veggies
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Vit E function
antioxident
prevent breakdown of Vit A and fatty acids
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water soluble vitamins (bs)
1,2,5,6,12
niacin
folic acid
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b1
thiamin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
b2
ribflavin
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b5
pantothenic acid
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b6
pyridoxine
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b12
cobalamin
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is Vit C water or fat soluble
water
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vit C
ascorbic acid/antioxident
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what mineral is needed for thyroid hormone for metabolism
iodine
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
major minerals in metabolism
Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, P(phosphorous), Mg2+
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
organs of urinary tract
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
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organs impacting urinary system
adrenal
heart
posterior pituitary
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___________ is urination
micturation
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outer layer of kidney
cortex
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inner layer or core of kidney
medulla
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calyx of kidney 2 parts
major and minor
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___________ opens to the ureter
renal pelvis
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functional units of kidney
nephrons
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
cortical nephrons are surrounded by
peritubular capillaries
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juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded vascularly by
vasa recta
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bowman’s capsule is a nephron
glomerular
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___________ surrounds the glomerulus
glomerular
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PCT (nephron) is
proximal convoluted tubule
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where is Henle loop located
descending/ascending arm of nephron
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DCT (nephron)
distal convlouted tubule
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blood enters the nephron in the
glomerulus
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macula densa means
dense spot
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ are specialized cells which have receptors which detect concentration of sodium ions in kidney
macula densa
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if sodium ions are low in kidney, ___________ is released
renin
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renin causes
increased BP and BV
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ acts on the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells
erythropoietin
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__________ is the hormone that completes the Vit D chain
calcitriol
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
wastes involved with kidney
urea creatine ammonia uric acid urobilin/bilirubin
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largest percent of waste involved with kidney
urea
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the waste creatine is from
creatine phosphate
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uric acid waste is from
RNA (purines)
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what gives urine its color
urobilin/bilirubin
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GFR (kidney)
glomerular filtration rate
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
GFR is affected by
hormones and NS
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
hormones that impact GFR
renin
ANP
ANF/ANH
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___________ henle loop is impermeable to solutes
descending
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
___________ henle loop is impermeable to water
ascending
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function of reproduction
continue species
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somatic cells contain ___________ chromosomes
46
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
gamete cells contain ___________ chromosomes
23
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gametes are contained in the
gonads
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gametes in male/female
sperm/egg
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gonads in male/female
testes/ovaries
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maturation of gamete (male)
spermatogenesis
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___________ becomes a sperm in spermatogenesis
spermatozoa
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maturation of gamete (female)
oogenesis
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___________ becomes an egg in oogenesis
oocyte
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gonads are located in the
scrotum
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male repro tract
testes
epididymus
ductus (vas) deferens
urethra
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accessory organs male repro tract
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
bulbourethral gland
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
bulbourethral gland (male repro) also called
Cowper’s gland
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___________ muslce when contracted pulls testes toward the body in response to temp changes
cremaster
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spermatogenesisioccurs in
semineferous tubules with lobules
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
androgens are produced in men in the _______
Leydig cells
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Leydig cells are located in the
testes
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predominat androgen produced by Leydig cells
testosterone
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when does levels of testosterone start declining in men
50 - 60 yrs old
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what cells provide nutrienets to the spermatids during development
Sertoli cells
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sperm anatomy
head
neck
tail
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sperm head consists of
acrosomal cap
nucleus
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sperm neck contains
centriole
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sperm tail has a
flagellum
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sperm maturation and storage is the
epididymus
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___________ is a tube from the epididymus to the ejaulatory duct
vas (ductus) deferens
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60% volume of seen is secreted by
seminal vesicle
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___________ secretes fluid which is 20-30% of semen
prostate gland
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the ___________ secret thick alkaline mucous which leads to neutralization
Bulbourethal glands
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penis anatomy
shaft
glans
prepuse
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
penis glans is
head
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penis prepuse is
foreskin
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscles within penis
corpus spongiosum
corpora cavernosum
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
sperm and egg are haploid/diploid (chose)
haploid
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______ is composed of a protein called opsin and the compound retina (retinene), which is synthesized from Vitamin A
Rhodopsin
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Vitamin A is synthesized from
Beta-carotene
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______ is the origin of the optic nerve
Optic disc
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
What is blind spot of eye
Optic disc
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Eye has 2 cavities
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
Which cavity of eye is anterior
Aqueous humor
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___________ stimulates the ovarian cycle
FSH
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___________ supports the female repo organs
broad ligament
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___________ supports the ovaries
ovarian ligament
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___________ is the degeneration of primordial follicles (female repo)
atresia
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___________ are cells that after oogenesis division do not become eggs
polar bodies
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___________ is an immature egg
follicle
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after ovulation the corpus luteum becomes
corpus albicans
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
corpus luteum is what color
yellowish
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corpus albicans is what color
white
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3 layers of uterus
endometrium
myometrium
permetrium
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uterus endometrium layer is
glandular
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uterus myometrium layer is
muscle
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uterus perimetrium layer is
serosa
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uterus is vascularized by
arcuate arteries
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uterine cycle repeats unless implantation of
blastocyte
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___________stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progestins
LH
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
estrogen is secreted by ___________ and ___________
thecal cells
granulosa
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the fallopian tube has
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
the infundibulum of the fallopian tube has
fibriae
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uterus function
provides nutrients
warmth
protection
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
uterine cycle
menses
degeneration of functional zone
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
menstruation is
sloughing of the endometrial lining
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
mammary gland includes
lactiferous sinus and duct
lobes
pectoral fat pad
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
lactiferous duct supplies
milk
colostrum
IgA
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
vagina is a muscular tube that contains
hymen
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
muscle of vagina
bulbospongious
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
other female repo features
glans clitoris
labias
FINAL REVIEW CHAPTER
what stimulates milk production
prolactin
oxytocin
